Introduction to Li Bai
Li Bai
Li Bai (701-762), courtesy name Taibai, Qinglian Jushi, ancestral home of Longxi Chengji (now Qin Andong, Gansu), born in Broken Leaf City (at that time belonged to the Protectorate of Anxi) and then moved to Sichuan. At the beginning of Tianbao, he entered Chang'an. When He Zhizhang saw it, he was called a fairy. He recommended it to Tang Xuanzong and waited for Hanlin to be edicted. After roaming the world, Yongwang Li Lin was hired as a staff member. After the uprising, he was defeated and exiled Yelang (in present-day Guizhou Province). When he was pardoned halfway, Tu Yi and Li Yangbing had few strokes. He is a famous poet of the Tang Dynasty, including Li Taibai Collection. Li Bai wrote the lyrics, and the Song people have legends (such as Wen Ying's "Xiangshan Wild Record" volume). According to Cui Lingqin's "Teaching Workshop" and the Dunhuang scrolls handed down today, there is already a tone between Tang Kaiyuan. However, it is difficult to determine whether the chapter of this biography is too white. Today, "Bodhisattva Barbarians" and "Memory of Qin E" are still recorded.
[Li Bai's life]
Li Bai, whose name is Taibai, is known as Qinglian Jushi, is a great poet in the Tang Dynasty in China. His poetry style is magnificent and bold, his imagination is rich, his language circulation is natural, and his rhythm is harmonious and changeable. He is good at drawing nutritious and private materials from folk songs and mythology, forming his unique magnificent colors, which is a new peak of active romantic poetry since Qu Yuan. He is called "Li Du" together with Du Fu.
I. Good man, happy
Li Bai was born in the first year of Wu Zetian'an (701 AD). At the age of five, he settled with his family in Qinglian Township in Changlong (now Jiangyou County, Sichuan).
When Li Bai was young, he was a good chivalrous and happy. The Mianzhou area where Changlong is located has been a place where Taoism has been active since the end of the Han Dynasty.
Therefore, Li Bai has often gone to Daitian Mountain to find Taoist priests to talk about Taoism since he was a teenager.
Later, he lived in seclusion with a hermit called Dongyanzi in Mianshan, devoted himself to learning, and did not enter the city for many years. They raised many strange birds in the mountains and forests where they live. These beautiful and tame birds, because they are used to raising them, fly regularly for food, as if they can understand human language. With a call, they fly down the steps from everywhere and even peck at grains in people's hands without fear at all. This incident was rumored far and wide, and finally made the governor of Mianzhou go to the mountains to watch the birds eat in person. Seeing that they could direct the actions of birds and determined that they had Taoism, the assassin wanted to recommend the two to take the Taoist exam. However, both of them politely refused.
At that time, Zhao Yu, a famous vertical and horizontal family, was also a good friend of Li Bai. This person wrote ten volumes of the Long and Short Classics in the fourth year of Kaiyuan (716 AD). At that time, Li Bai was only 16 years old. Zhao Yu's vertical and horizontal family-style work, which examines the similarities and differences of the six classics, analyzes the world's situation, and emphasizes the way of rise and fall, has aroused great interest from Li Bai. In the future, he is dedicated to making contributions and talking about the way of bully, which is also influenced by this book.
II. Travel with a sword
In the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan (725 AD), Li Bai came out of Shu, "go to the country with a sword and leave his relatives for a long trip." He took a boat out of the gorge and gradually drifted away. The mountains of his hometown gradually became unrecognizable. Only the water flowing from the Three Gorges still followed him, pushing his boat and sending him to a strange and distant city.
1·Jiangling is lucky to meet Sima Zhen
Li Bai did not expect an extraordinary meeting in Jiangling. He actually met Sima Zhen, a Taoist priest respected by three generations of emperors.
Tiantai Taoist Sima Frame not only learns a complete set of Taoist spells, but also writes well, and his poems are as elegant as immortals. Xuanzong respected him very much. He once summoned him to the inner hall to ask for advice on scriptures, built a balcony for him, and sent his sister Princess Yuzhen to learn Taoism with him.
Li Bai was naturally very happy to see this favored Taoist priest and sent his poems for him to review. Li Baiqi is Xuanang and has extraordinary qualifications. Sima Zhen admired him very much at first sight. When he saw his poems, he was even more amazed and praised him for his "fairy and Taoist bones, which can travel with the eight poles". Because he saw that Li Bai was not only extraordinary in appearance, but also superhuman in talented articles, and did not draw on the world's Ronglu eunuchs, which he had never met in the court for decades, so he praised him with the highest praise of Taoists. That is to say, he has a "fairy root", that is, a congenital immortal factor, which is similar to the meaning of He Zhizhang's later praise of him as a "fairy fairy". They all regard him as an extraordinary person. This is the general impression given by Li Bai's demeanor and poetic style.
Li Bai rejoiced for Sima Zhen's high evaluation. He is determined to pursue such an eternal and immortal world as the watch of the eight poles. In addition to excitement, he wrote Dafu "Dapeng Meets a Bird Fu", which is a metaphor for Dapeng and exaggerates the huge and rapidness of Dapeng. This is Li Bai's earliest famous article.
From Jiangling, he began to fly thousands of miles.
The following is the "Ode to the Bird of Dapeng":
Dapeng meets Xi's birdfu and sequence
In the past, when I was in Jiangling, I saw Sima Ziwei on the rooftop, and it was said that I had immortal style and Taoist bones, and I could travel with the eight poles. Because of Dapeng's encounter, there is a bird to spread itself. This gift has been passed down to the world and is often seen in the world. He regretted his little work, did not have the grand purpose, and abandoned it in middle age. And reading the Jin book, I saw Ruan Xuanzi's praise, which was despicable. So I remember more and make more of the old books different. How dare you pass it on to the authors today? It's just the son of a concubine.
The words said: South China Immortals, the sky is in the lacquer garden. Spitting high-pitched theories and opening up vast and strange words. It's strange to talk about the fish in Beiming. I don't know how many thousands of miles it is called Kun. It turns into a roc and condenses. Take off the hymen on the island and put feathers on the Tianmen. Brush the spring flow of Bofu and the morning of the mulberry. The universe is vast, and the tomb is Kunlun. With a drum and a dance, the smoke is hazy. The five mountains were shaken, and hundreds of rivers collapsed.
You are thick and clear. The layers of the blaze are suddenly heavy. Three thousand to rise and march to ninety thousand. Cui Wei on the back of Taishan, raising the wings of the long clouds. Turn left and right, suddenly gloomy and bright. The sweats are full of correction, and the qi is full of dynasties. Zhu Hongmeng, thunder. The sky turns, the mountains shake and the sea falls. There is nothing to fight for, and there is nothing to fight. It can be imagined in its shape.
If it is a linger, the sun and the moon are dazzling. Lianxuan procrastined and squandered. Jets will give birth to six clouds, and sprinkle hair will make thousands of miles of snow. The northern desert will be poor in the south. Yun Yihan hit by, and the drums rushed and drove for a long time. The candle dragon held the light to illuminate the object and set off the road without a whip. Look at the three mountains and five lakes in a cup. His movements are also divine, and his deeds are also Taoist. Ren Gong saw it and stopped fishing, and he was poor and did not dare to bend the arc. Don't throw the pole and lose your heart, and look up to it for a long time.
It is majestic and spectacular, rolling in the river. The upper part is full of blue, and the lower part is full of cover. Pangu opened the sky and looked directly, and Xihe sighed by the sun. Between the eight wildernesses, it hides half of the four seas. When the picture is hidden, if it is confused and unjudged. Suddenly, it turns around, and the fog disperses.
2·Dongting Funeral Friends
Li Bai went south from Jiangling, passed through Yueyang, and then went south to one of the destinations of this trip.
But just as he was boating in the cave, an unfortunate thing happened. Wu Guide, Li Bai's travel companion from Shu, died of violent illness. Li Bai was very sad. He lay beside his friend and cried, "crying with blood". Because he cried so painfully, passers-by cried when they heard it. It was really helpless to encounter such a misfortune on the journey. Li Bai had to temporarily buried Wu Guide by Dongting Lake, continue to travel east, and determined to carry his friend's bones after the trip to the southeast.
Li Bai came to Lushan and wrote the popular poem "Wanglu Mountain Waterfall" here.
3·Jight to Jiangnan
Li Bai went to Jinling, the capital of six generations. The country is full of males, tigers and dragons, and the palace of the Six Dynasties. This not only aroused Li Bai's many emotions, but also aroused his pride in his time. He believes that the capital of the past has shown a decline, and there is nothing to watch. It is not as peaceful as the emperor today.
Although Jinling's domineering has died, the children of Jinling received Li Bai affectionately. When Li Bai said goodbye to Jinling, Wu Ji pressed the wine, and the children of Jinling sent each other attentively. They frequently raised their glasses and advised them to drink. The farewell was like the river flowing east, flowing through people's hearts, which was unforgettable.
After saying goodbye to Jinling, Li Bai went from the river to Yangzhou.
Yangzhou was an international city at that time. Li Bai has never seen such a lively city and has been wandering with fellow tourists for some time. In midsummer, Li Bai and some young friends "Ma Chui Yang, holding the cup on the side of the road. It's so comfortable to see the green water in the sky and the green mountains on the sea. In autumn, he fell ill in Huainan (the cure Yangzhou). Lying in a foreign country, he has a lot of thoughts. He not only laments that his hope of making achievements is slim, but also deeply misses his hometown. The only thing that can bring him some comfort is letters from friends far away.
Li Bai arrived in Gusu again after Junnan recovered from his illness. This is the place where Wu Wangfu and the beautiful Xi Shi sang and danced day and night. Li Bai felt that he wrote an epic "Wuqiqu". This poem was later praised by He Zhizhang, saying that it "can cry ghosts and gods". From this point of view, although Li Bai's Yuefu poems sometimes use old titles, they are more innovative.
Although the historical relics of Gusu have aroused Li Bai's nostalgia, the beautiful and simple Wu Ji and Yue Nv made Li Bai praise themselves. At the foot of the Xishi raccoon mountain, Li Bai left a beautiful sketch for the Yue girl on the raccoon stone with his wonderful pen.
Li Bai returned to Jingmen from the west.
He stayed in Jingmen for three months. Although he is homesick, he has no achievements, and he feels that it is difficult to return home. Finally, he decided to roam again.
First of all, he came to Dongting Lake and buried Wu's bones to Jiangxia (now Wuchang, Hubei). He met Monk Xingrong in Jiangxia and learned about Meng Haoran's character from him, so he went to Xiangyang to visit Meng Haoran and wrote the famous five-law poem "Giving Meng Haoran"
Soon, Li Bai arrived at Anlu and stayed in the Taoist temple in Xiaoshou Mountain. However, living in seclusion is not a long-term solution, and he still wants to find opportunities to advance. When living in seclusion in Shoushan, Li Bai made friends with officials by lobbying to improve his reputation.
Li Bai's literary talent was appreciated by Xu Yushi, the prime minister of the Empress Wu, and recruited him as his son-in-law. Li Bai and his wife Xu lived a happy married life under the peach blossom rock of Baizhao Mountain, which is close to the Xu family. However, the beautiful couple's life did not weaken Li Bai's ambition to go out for his career. Taking his wife's home in Anzhou as his base, he traveled several times and met some officials and noble sons. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734 A.D.), he met with the history of Jing and the governor of Xiangzhou.
III. Enter Chang'an
Feudal emperors often hunt in winter. After Xuanzong ascended to the throne, he had hunted many times, and every time he took foreign envoys with him to show off his power to deter neighboring countries. In the 233 of Kaiyuan (AD 735), Xuanzong had another ferocious hunt. It happened that Li Bai was also on a journey to the west. Because of the Great Hunt, he hoped to win the appreciation of Xuanzong.
His "Great Hunt Ode" is based on "Da Dao Kuangjun, showing Zhou Bo", and "Holy Dynasty Garden Pool is desolate, poor and poor Liuhe", which is vast, and the situation is very different from the previous generation. He boasts that this dynasty is far better than the Han Dynasty, and preaches Taoism at the end to meet the mood of Xuanzong advocating Taoism at that time.
The purpose of Li Baixi's visit is to present gifts. In addition, he also takes this opportunity to visit Chang'an and enjoy the scenery of this imperial capital. He lives at the foot of the final mountain and often climbs to the final mountain overlooking the mountain. When he climbed the northern peak of Zhongnan Mountain, he showed the style of a great country in front of him. He felt that it was extraordinary to live in such a country, so he felt quite proud. But when he thought that there had been a decadent factor in this prosperous empire, his alofty mood was hit again."
After entering Chang'an, Li Bai met Wei Zhangqing and presented a poem to Princess Yuzhen through him. The last two words said, "When will the Queen Mother meet in a small room" is to wish her to become an immortal. Li Bai also stated in his poem to Wei Wei Zhang Qing that he was in a very bad situation and hoped to introduce him and be willing to serve the court. As a result, he approached the upper class step by step.
Li Bai also met He Zhizhang in Chang'an this time. Li Bai once went to the Purple Palace and unexpectedly met He Zhizhang there. He had read He Lao's poems for a long time. Naturally, when he met him, he immediately came forward to see him and presented the poem in his sleeve. He Zhizhang appreciated "Shu Dao Nan" and "Wu Qi Qu" and excitedly took off his clothes and asked people to go out to change wine and drink with Li Bai. Li Bai's magnificent poetry and the richness of the roaring dust surprised He Zhizhang and said, "Are you too platinum star to come down to earth?"
A year has passed, and Li Bai is still visiting Chang'an and has no chance to take office. He is a little depressed. My friend sincerely invited him to live with him, but Li Bai had no intention of going there. This time, he went to Chang'an with the ideal of making contributions, but he had no place, which made Li Bai disappointed and a little angry. He was also very proud to plead in front of the prince's door. He only sighed that "it's difficult to travel, come back" and left Chang'an.
IV. Hanlin offering
In the first year of Tianbao (742 A.D.), due to the praise of Princess Yuzhen and He Zhizhang, Xuanzong read Li Bai's poems and admired them very much, so he summoned Li Bai to the palace. On the day when Li Bai entered the palace, Xuanzong stepped down to welcome him, "Give food in front of the seven treasure beds and make a soup with his own hands." When Xuanzong asked about some world affairs, Li Bai was confident and answered fluently with his half-life study and long-term observation of society. Emperor Xuanzong greatly appreciated it and immediately ordered Li Bai to worship Hanlin. His position was to draft a notice and accompany the emperor. Whenever Xuanzong had a banquet or outing, he would order Li Bai's attendants to use his agile poetic talent to write poems and records. Although he did not remember his merits, he also passed on his words to future generations and praised them to future generations. Li Bai was so favored by Xuanzong that his colleagues were envious, but some people were jealous because of this.
At the beginning of Tianbao, every winter, Xuanzong took the chief and envoys to the Wen family to hunt. Li Bai naturally went with him and wrote on the spot to promote the prosperity of Xuanzong, praising the power of the Holy Dynasty, which was deeply appreciated by Xuanzong. At this time, Xuanzong spoiled Yang Yuhuan. Whenever he played with her in the palace, Xuanzong asked Li Bai to write some lyrics and compose new songs. Li Bai tried his best to write these poems with the mood of "long bowing to the kindness of the country, and the strong man rewarding his confidant".
In Chang'an, Li Bai often walked in Chang'an in addition to serving Hanlin and accompanying the king. He found that the country was in a deep crisis in the scene of prosperity. That is the domineering eunuchs and arrogant relatives who are closest to the emperor. They shrouded Chang'an and China like dark clouds, giving Li Bai a strong sense of depression.
At the same time, Li Bai's promiscuous behavior was slandered by Zhang Tan, a bachelor of Hanlin, and there were some suspicions between the two. The favor of eunuchs and foreign relatives suddenly cooled Li Bai's enthusiasm for "great help the world". Although he was in Chang'an, he did not have the opportunity to use his management and Yan skills.
The corruption of the government and the slander of his colleagues made Li Bai sigh with emotion. He wrote a song "Hanlin Reading and Presenting Scholars" to express his intention to return to the mountain. Unexpectedly, at this time, the gift was returned, which seemed to make Li Bai very surprised. It seems that Li Bai said something inappropriate this time.
This return to the mountain is really a decent exile.
V. Travel again
1·Roaming Liang Song
In the summer of Tianbao's third year (744 AD), Li Bai arrived in Luoyang, the eastern capital. Here, he met Du Fu, who was not meeting. The two greatest poets in the history of Chinese literature met. At this time, Li Bai has become famous all over the country, while Du Fu is in his prime, but he is trapped in Los Angeles. Li Bai is 11 years older than Du Fu, but he is not arrogant in front of Du Fu in the name of his talent; and Du Fu, who is "sexual and alcohol-loving" and "all friends are old", did not bow his head in front of Li Bai. The two established a deep friendship on an equal footing. When they were in Luoyang, they made an appointment to meet in Liang Song (now Kaifeng Shangqiu area) next time to visit Taoism and seek immortality.
In the autumn of this year, the two arrived at Liang Song as scheduled. The two express their interest here and use the past to comment on the present. They also met the poet Gao Shi here, and Gao Shi did not have a position at this time. However, each of them has the same ambition and ideals. The three of them travel happily, commenting on poetry and talking about the general trend of the world are all worried about the hidden dangers of the country. At this time, Li Du was in his prime, and the competition between the two in creation had a positive impact on their future.
In the autumn and winter of this year, Li Du broke up again and went to find Taoist teachers to create truth (the secret text of Taoism) and teach Taoism. Li Bai went to Qizhou (present-day Jinan, Shandong) to teach Taoist priest in Ziji Palace. From then on, he officially performed the Taoist ceremony and became a Taoist priest. After that, Li Bai went to Anling County, Texas, and met this area of Gailiao who was good at writing charms and seals, and created a real one for him. Li Bai got a complete result of this visit to seek immortals.
In the autumn of Tianbao's fourth year (745 AD), Li Bai and Du Fu met for the third time in Donglu. In just over a year, they met twice and met three times, and their friendship continued to deepen. They visited the hermit and master together, and also went to Qizhou to visit Li Yong, a famous scholar and calligrapher at that time. In the winter of this year, the two broke up, and Li Bai was ready to visit Jiangdong again.
2·East to Wuyue
Li Bai left Donglu and took a boat from Rencheng to Yangzhou along the canal. Because I was anxious to go to Huiji to meet Yuan Danqiu, I didn't stay much.
When he arrived at Huiji, Li Bai first went to pay tribute to the death of He Zhizhang. Soon, Kong Chaowen also arrived at Huiji, so Li Bai and Yuan Danqiu, Kong Chaowen visited Yu Cave, Lanting and other historical sites, boating in Jinghu Lake, traveling to and from Yanxi and other places. In the mountains and rivers, they improvisedly described the beautiful mountains and rivers and beautiful women in this area.
In Jinling, Li Bai met Cui Chengfu. Both of them are politically frustrated and have more similar feelings. Every time I play, I enjoy it, regardless of the morning and evening. They sailed on the Qinhuai River and sang all night, which surprised people on both sides of the strait and clapped their hands to cheer them up. Because of their similar personalities and similar encounters, the two are more tacit and have a deeper friendship than ordinary friends. Therefore, Li Bai tied Cui Chengfu's poems to his clothes and recited them whenever he missed them.
3·Explore the swallows, go to the south of the Yangtze River
Li Bai wandered in Wuyue for several years and drifted uncertainly. At this time, the country is chaotic and the situation is getting worse year by year. Under the guidance of the rise and fall of the world as his responsibility, he decided to go to Youyan (now Beijing) to explore the truth.
After arriving at Youyan, Li Bai saw the horses and soldiers of Anlu Mountain with his own eyes. The situation was very critical, but there was nothing he could do. Two or three years before the Anshi Rebellion, Li Bai roamed around Xuancheng, Dangtu, Nanling and Qiupu. He still relied on food and clothing, and often wrote poems to local officials for help.
During this roaming, Li Bai died of his wife Xu's illness and married Zong. The family is changeable and the country is eventful. While seeking immortality and learning, Li Bai tries to make contributions for the country. He is very concerned about the safety of the country. Although it is still wandering, it is different from the past.
VI. On the way to death
In the 14th year of Tianbao, Anshi's rebellion broke out, and Li Bai fled to Lushan. At that time, there were always two contradictory ideas in his chest: retirement and helping the world. Yongwang Li Lin just went on a tour to the east at this time, and Li Bai was invited to the curtain.
Behind the scenes, Li Bai persuaded King Qin to kill the thieves, and he also made self-criticism about his political foresight. Xiao Yingshi, Kong Chaowen and Liu Yan, who were also in the south of the Yangtze River, were also invited by King Yong and refused to participate in order to avoid disaster. Li Bai is obviously not as good as them at this point.
King Yong was soon defeated, and Li Bai was also imprisoned in Xunyang. At this time, Cui Xuan comforted Jiangnan and accepted Luo talents. Li Bai asked for help, and his wife Zong also cried for help. Song Ruosi, who stationed three thousand troops of Wu soldiers in Xunyang, rescued Li Bai from prison and let him participate in the shogunate. Li Bai became Song Ruosi's staff, wrote some documents for Song, and followed him to Wuchang. Li Bai was highly valued under the curtain of Song Ruosi and recommended it to the court again in the name of Song, hoping to be appointed by the court again. But for some reason, he not only did not see the appointment, but was completely unexpected by Changliu Yelang (now Zitong, Guizhou). Because Junba, a general under the curtain of King Yong, was reused at that time. The reason why things have changed may be related to the loss of power of Cui Wei and Zhanghao.
In the winter of the second year of Zhide (757 AD), Li Bai went from Xunyang Road to the place of exile - Yelang. Because the sentence is long-term and is about to return, and Li Bai is already in his twilight years. "Yelang is thousands of miles away, and the west is old", he can't help but feel more sad.
Because Li Bai was famous in the sea, he wasyan by local officials along the way. Everyone respected him and did not regard him as an exiled sinner.
In the second year of Qianyuan (759 A.D.), Li Bai went to Wushan. Due to the severe drought in Guanzhong, the court announced an amnesty, stipulating that the dead would be completely pardoned. In this way, Li Bai finally gained freedom after a long period of exile. He then galloped down the Yangtze River, and the famous "Morning from the Imperial City" best reflected his mood at that time.
When he arrived in Jiangxia, Li Bai stayed for a while because his old friend Liangzai was working as a local Taishou. In the second year of Qianyuan, Li Bai was invited by his friends to once again boat with Jia Zhi, who had been demoted, to enjoy the moon on the cave, thinking about the ancient feelings and writing poems. Soon, he returned to the old places of Xuancheng and Jinling. For almost two years, he traveled between the two places and still made a living on his own. In the second year of Shangyuan, Li Bai, who was in his early 60s, returned to Jinling due to illness. In Jinling, his life was quite embarrassing, so he had no choice but to go to Li Yangbing, the county magistrate in Dangtu.
In the third year of Shangyuan (762 AD), Li Bai was seriously ill and handed over the manuscript to Li Yangbing on the collapse of his illness. He died at the age of 62 at the age of 62.
[Li Bai's Poetry]
There are more than 990 poems by Li Bai. There are a large number of political lyric poems, which fully express the poet's extraordinary ambitions, unrestrained **, heroic spirit, and also represent the typical tone of Tang poetry. Li Bai has a strong sense of self-awareness and compares himself with Dapeng many times. "Dapeng rises in the same wind one day and shakes up to 90,000 miles" "Shang Li Yong". However, Li Bai returned frustrated in Chang'an for three years, which made him passionate political enthusiasm. When he was hit by reality, he turned into an indignation song with no talent, and gushed out of his chest: "The road is like a blue sky. I can't get out alone. I'm ashamed to drive out the children of Chang'an community. The red chicken and white dog gambling on pears and chestnuts, playing swords to sing bitterness, and the train king's family is incompetent." . Li Bai also used his happy drinking poems to relieve the sorrow of talent. Will enter the wine: "Life must be full of pride, don't make the golden bottle empty to the moon, born with my talent must be useful, the daughter will come back, cook sheep and slaughter cattle and have fun, you will have to drink 300 cups" to adapt to this bold and unconcealed emotional momentum, Li Bai's poetry in terms of artistic techniques is: magical imagination, change Unprovoked, the structure jumps vertically and horizontally, and the sentence length is staggered, forming a majestic and elegant style. Throughout his life, the poet has been eulogizing his ideal life with a naive heart. No matter where he is, he always embraces the whole world with enthusiasm, pursues full action, meritorious service and enjoyment, has a keen feeling of all beautiful things, grasps reality but is not satisfied with reality, and devotes himself to the rapids of life and transcends suffering. Difficult worries, to realize their own value in a high and excited mental state. If ideal color is the main feature of the poetry style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, then Li Bai has walked at the forefront of the times with a more forward-looking ideal singing.
The themes of Li Bai's poetry are diverse. Representative works include: seven-character ancient poems ("Shu Dao Nan", "Dunnan", "Sleepwalking Heavenly Grandma's Farewell", "Jiang Jin Wine", "Liang Fuyin", etc., five-character ancient poems ("Ancient Style" 59 songs); "Changganxing" in the style of folk songs of the Six Dynasties of the Han and Wei Dynasties, "Ziye Wu Ge", etc., and seven-character unique sentences ("Wanglu Mountain Waterfall", " Wang Tianmen Mountain, Early White Emperor City and so on have become famous articles in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was already famous in the Tang Dynasty. His poem "There is no fixed volume, and every family has it." He is the first person in Chinese poetry.
Li Bai's poetry enriched and developed the artistic theme of heroism in Tang poetry. Like other scribes of his time, he has a magnificent career ambition, the so-called "shen Guan Yan's talk, seeks the emperor's skills, strives for his intelligence, and is willing to help him. Making Huan District Dading, Haixian Qingyi ("Daishoushan Answer Meng Shaofu Moving Document") is his most persistent belief in life. It may be doubtful whether Li Bai has the practical ability to engage in political activities in complex power structures, but as a poet, this belief has become more of a starting point for him to pursue and praise his magnificent life. He drew strength from the demeanor and style of countless ancient heroes and projected realistic ideals into history, thus establishing a gallery of heroic characters in poetry. He praised the rising heroes of the grass and meeting the wind and clouds, such as Liang Fuyin, who wrote Taigongwang: "You don't see the thorns in the morning song and slaughter, and come to fish for Weibin in the 80s west; it is better to shine on the clear water with white hair, and think about the scriptures at the right time. Guangzhang 3,300 fishing, Fengqi secretly with King Wen. The great virtuous tiger became stupid, and he looked like an ordinary person in those years. Praise the righteous men who regard fame and wealth as grass mustard, such as the ten writings of "Ancient Style" Lu Zhonglian: "All of them are born, and Lu Lian is wonderful. The bright moon comes out of the sea, and once it opens. However, Qin Zhenying's voice looked up to the end of later generations. With a light gift, he smiled at the plain. I'm also a slut, and I can brush my clothes in the same way. Praise the hero who is eager for love and talent, such as the second of "Difficult to Travel": "You don't see the Yan family's heavy Guo Kui in the past, and there is no suspicion. Drama Xin and Le Yi are grateful, and the liver and gallbladder are effective. King Zhao's white bones linger, who sweeps the golden platform!" Praise the famous ministers who are tame and insist on the dignity of cloth clothes, such as Li Shiqi in Liang Fuyin: "You don't see that Gaoyang alcoholics are drafting, and you bow to Shandong Longzhungong; when you don't worship the eloquence, the two women drop out of washing to follow the wind. Seventy-two went down to Qicheng in the east and commanded Chu Han like a spiral. The madman is still so depressed, not to mention that the strong men are heroes!" Most of his heroes are powerful characters on the historical stage in turbulent and chaotic times, and they are inseparable from the lyrical protagonists. For example, in his poem to reward friends, he said, "Fengshui is like seeing capital, and you can invest in the pole to support the emperor." Wang Sima and Yan Zheng's character gave a gift to Xue) "Who is allowed to govern and Ge Jing? Long appealed not to be wrong to retreat. (" After driving to the hot spring palace, he gave Yang Shanren) expressed his ambition after waking up drunk: "Fu said that Banzhuchen, Li Siying is a dog man. It's better to be long and hard. In the winter night, Li Bai regarded the situation as a struggle between Chu and Han, and took Zhang Liang and Han Xin to himself: "It's quite similar to the time of Chu and Han, and the overturning is endless. Facing Bolangsha, he entered Huaiyin City at dusk. Zhang Liang did not meet Han Xin's poverty, and Liu Xiang survived in the two ministers. Temporarily, I will take the army and throw the drifting mother as the master." Tiger Xing) After entering the shogunate of Yongwang, he compared himself with Xie An: "But use Dongshan Xie Anshi to talk and laugh for you." (" Yongwang East Patrol Song II) Until he joined the army at the age of 60, he still promised himself with the Western Han Dynasty hero drama Meng: "I thank you halfway, but there is no reason for the southeast expedition. Yafu didn't see Gu, and Meng Jian took the lead. Li Bai, who was born in a prosperous era, praised the heroes in troubled times, of course, not just thinking about the ancient feelings. Because through such characters, poets can express their "againance" spirit and enthusiasm, showing their desire to establish brilliant achievements and actively create self-worth in history.
Li Bai unifies the difficult ideal of helping the world and his unruly personality to achieve a perfect life. His design of the path of life is carried out in two steps: the first is to establish a great achievement, as shown in the cloud: "What's the benefit of being alone?" (" "When the two dragons fight, the sky and the earth move. The wine dances the long sword, and the rush solves the confusion of the Han Dynasty. After his success, he did not covet the rich and noble position, but took "Five Lakes" and "Cangzhou" as his home and yearned for a free life. In his early years, he said this when he was looking for an official: "When he was successful, he brushed his clothes and swaggered beside Cangzhou." Yuzhen Princess Hall's bitter rain) did not give up this point when she was most proud of her career: "Thank you for your success, and you will start fishing from now on." Hanlin Reading and Yan Huai) "Wait for me to report to the Lord, and then lie down with the white clouds." (" After driving to the hot spring palace, he gave it to Yangshan people) Until his later years, he remained determined: "Finally, he went to the five lakes with Ansheji." "Give Wei Secretary Zichun") This ideal of life focuses on the poet's sense of "being ashamed of his virtue" and his love for freedom: "I can get Liaochenggong with a book of arrow. In the end, I will not be rewarded, and I will be ashamed to be the same as the people of the times." May Donglu trip to Wenshang Weng)
"At first glance, Geng Jie died in the grass and did not want to live in a golden cage." (" These poems are the poet's self-expressions. Because his sense of freedom is so strong, his anger and resistance are particularly strong when he encounters the obstruction of ugly forces in real life.
[Li Bai's personality]
He did not show his reputation in his life, but highly expected himself. He despised the powerful with his clothes, unscrupulously mocked the hierarchical order centered on political power, criticized the political phenomenon of corruption, and promoted the heroic spirit in the prosperous Tang Dynasty culture with a bold resistance.
Li Bai's anti-powerful ideology is becoming more and more conscious and mature with the enrichment of his life practice. In the early days, it was mainly manifested in the equal requirements of "unyielding, not doing others" and "the princes of peace with each other", as he said in his poem: "In the past, in Chang'an, the five princes and seven nobles drank the same glass of wine. In front of the heroes on the shore, the romantic is willing to fall on others!" (" Liu Yelang gave it to Judge Xin) "Amazed the nine-fold master, and the waves were red and young and virtuous. (" Yuhuyin) He sometimes makes contemptuous words of powerful people, such as "Golden Baibi buys songs and laughs, and is drunk for months" ("Remembering the Old Journey to Jijiao County to join the army"), etc., but it mainly shows his inner arrogance. With the understanding of the actual situation of high-level power groups, he further revealed the opposition between cloth clothes and powerful people: "Pearl and jade buy songs and laugh, and raise talents." Ancient Style No. 15) "The sycamore nest swallow finch, and the thorns perched mandarin. The 39th of Ancient Style. And extremely sarcastic things about the ugly behavior of those who steal power because of the flaunting of the emperor, such as: the big car flying dust, Tingwu dark stranger. Zhonggui is full of gold, and Lianyun Kaijia House. The road meets the cockfight, crowned He Huihe. The nose is dry, and the pedestrians are alert. There is no ear-washing man in the world, who knows Yao and Zhi!
And in "Dreamwalking Grandma's Farewell", he made the loudest voice: Anneng broke his eyebrows and folded his waist, making me unhappy!
The meaning of this art is summarized in Li Bai's poetry, just as important as Du Fu's famous sentence "Zhumen's wine and meat are smelly, and there are frozen bones on the road" ("500 words from Beijing to Fengxian Huai") is as important in Du's poetry. Under the deteriorating political situation at the end of Tianbao, Li Bai linked anti-gatives with extensive social criticism. For example, "Answer the Twelve Cold Nights" not only fought righteously for the sages who died, but also expressed disappointment and contempt for the court: If you don't see Li Beihai, where is the heroic spirit now? You don't see Pei Shangshu, three feet of earth tombs and thorns. The young man had long wanted to go to the five lakes and saw this. In poems such as "Book Love to Cai She Renxiong", "Ancient Style" 51 and "Crowing to the High Hill and Looking at the Far Sea", Li Bai even used the past to satirize the present and put forward a sharp rebuke at Xuanzong himself.
In a word, it can be said that he has brought into full play to the theme of anti-powers in Tang poetry. Ren Hua said that Li Bai "has been a guest for decades and has not tasted a low color for a day" ("Miscellaneous Words to Li Bai"). This sense of not giving in front of the powerful and bravely resisting to maintain self-dignity is an important part of attaching personal value and heavy backbone tradition since the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Li Bai inherited and carried forward this under the new historical conditions. An excellent tradition has become a superstar in poetry.
Li Bai's poetry is full of passionate love for life. His poems are often full of childlike interest in the open atmosphere, such as: "Two people drink mountains and flowers bloom, one cup at a cup. I'm drunk and want to go, and the Ming Dynasty intends to hold the piano." "The long sleeve pipe urges you to act lightly, and the governor of Hanzhong dances drunk. Holding a brocade robe and covering me, I slept drunk. Recalling the old tour to send the county Yuan to join the army) "The sunset wants to go to Shanxi, and I am fascinated by the flowers. Xiangyang children clapped their hands together and blocked the street to sing "White Copper". People asked him what was laughing about, and he laughed and killed the mountain man like mud. Xiangyang Song) Life is like a strong wine that makes the poet intoxicated. Of course, this does not mean that there is no sadness and pain in life, but the poet's optimistic spirit is enough for him to transcend and overcome the sense of worry. The so-called "How can life be sad? And drink good wine and climb high buildings ("Liang Yuanyin"), "And get drunk in the family pool, don't look at the tear monument" (the fourth of Xiangyang Song) is a portrayal of his open-minded mentality.
He is never rested by loneliness and loneliness, such as drinking alone under the moon: a pot of wine between flowers, drinking alone without a blind date. Raise your glass and invite the bright moon to become three people. The moon doesn't drink, and the shadows follow me. Temporarily accompanied by the shadow of the moon, happy beard and spring. I sing and the moon wander, and I dance in a mess. When you wake up, you will have sex with each other, and when you are drunk, you will be scattered. Eternally and ruthlessly travel, in the same period as the clouds and Han.
Only a poet full of vitality can make such a whimsy. He has a short song, which is conceived in the poem: "I want to catch six dragons and go back to the car to hang Fusang. Beidou drank good wine and advised each dragon to have a Goblet. Wealth is not what you want, and you stay in the decadent light. There is no old sigh of sadness here, but it expresses the infinite attachment to life with the naive imagination of "persuading wine". With their pure interest, these poems inspire the beautiful humanity submerged by vulgar life and gain permanent charm.
Li Bai has a strong sense of nature. He is good at melting his personality into natural scenery, so that his mountains and hills have ideal colors. He said in the poem "Sunswelling": "I will include a large piece, and Haoran is in the same subject as Mingjian." He also said, "Yangchun called me to smoke scenery, and a big piece of faked me to write an article."
("Spring Night Banquet from Brother Peach Garden Preface") Li Bai has a heroic and heroic spirit and pursues a simple and noble state of mind. These different personality aspects have formed two types of his landscape artistic conception: one is the beauty of outstanding power and sports in the magnificent mountains and rivers, and expresses heroic thoughts in the magnificent artistic conception. ; The other type deliberately pursues bright and clear beauty, showing impaint innocence in the beautiful artistic conception. For example, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, he wrote, rushing and roared, **: "The water of the Yellow River comes from the sky and flows to the sea and will never return" ("Will Enter the Wine"); "The Yellow River touches the mountains for thousands of miles, and the vortex turns into Qin mines... The giant spirit roars and roars on the two mountains, and the flood waves sprayed into the East China Sea ("Xiyue Yuntai Song Sends Danqiuzi"); "climbs to the magnificent world In the meantime, the river is vast and will not be returned.
Yellow clouds move thousands of miles of wind, white waves nine streams of snow mountains" ("Lushan Ballad Send Lu Shiyu Xuzhou"); "The sea god has come and returned from the evil wind, and the waves hit the stone wall of Tianmen. Why is Zhejiang like this in August? The waves are like mountains and snowing" ("Hengjiang Ci"). The peaks he wrote are towering and magnificent: "The peaks are not full of the sky, but they are withered and hanging upside down against the cliff" (Shu Daojie);
"The heavenly grandma turned to the sky and pulled out the five mountains to cover the red city; the rooftop was 48,000 feet, and she wanted to fall to the southeast" ("Dreamwalking Heavenly Grandma He gave the landscape a lofty beauty with the pride in his chest. His eulog of the great power of nature is also a tribute to the visionary and unremitting ideal of life. The extraordinary natural image is integrated with the arrogant heroic character. At the same time, Li Bai wrote many landscape poems with crystal clear and beautiful artistic conception. For example, "People travel to the edge of the moon, and the boat travels in the air" ("Send the King's House Mountain Man Wei Wan back to the King's House"); "People ride the moon on the sea, and the sails fall into the lake in the middle of the lake" ("Xunyang Sends Brother Changkai Poyang Sima Zuo"); "The moon rotates with the blue mountains, and the water flows with the green mountains. Like on the Xinghe River, but Jue Yunlinyou ("Moon Night River Travel to Cui Yuanwai Zongzhi"); "Jinling is silent and cool at night, and he goes up to the west tower to look at Wu Yue alone. White clouds reflect the water and shake the empty city, white dew dripping autumn moon ("The West Building of Jinling City" and so on. These poems are won by clear and pure.
Li Bai's landscape poetry is not so much a realistic depiction of natural appearance as a picture transformed and idealized according to the poet's personality. He only wants to grasp the overall momentum or atmosphere, and omitted the specific details, and even the order of visual transfer of the scenery. Li Bai's landscape poetry is unique and lyrical. He is good at permeating and blending landscape objects with specific emotions, and has a subtle echo of "homomorphism" between the situation and the characteristics of "qing". For example, "Send Friends": Qingshan Hengbei Guo, white water around Dongcheng. This place is different, and it is lonely for thousands of miles. Floating clouds, the sunset. Waving his hand and going away, Xiao Xiaoban Ma Ming.
The "floating clouds" and "Sun setting sun" in the poem are not only the prospect of the eyes, but also the image of specific emotional content in ancient poems, which means that the wanderer goes like floating clouds and drifts endlessly, so the so-called farewell is like the sunset, and the fate is set without leaving no chisel marks. Another example is "When the clouds return to the blue sea, the geese have no green sky. Lost thousands of miles, and empty thoughts ("Autumn Day Lu County Yao Temple Pavilion Banquet Du Bu Que Fan Shi Yu"), the first two sentences not only point out the season and time, but also use the image metaphors of "clouds" and "goose" to refer to parting and travel. In addition, "Sometimes white clouds rise and the sky relaxes itself. In my heart, Tuoxing is not shallow ("Wang Nanshan Sending Zige Hermit"), "Please ask Dongshui, who is short and long with it" ("Jinling Wine House Leaves Farewell"), "Xihui chases the flowing water and wanders" ("Younanyang Qingling Spring") and so on.
Li Bai's free and emancipated ideological sentiment and his personality with civilian tendencies also enable him to explore various human feelings and beauty in social life more deeply. There is a yearning for a peaceful life, such as "Ziye Wu Ge" the third: Chang'an moon, the sound of tens of thousands of households pounding clothes. The autumn wind blows endlessly, and it is always about jade. He Ping was a Hu Fu, and the good man stopped the expedition. There is praise for working life, such as Qiupu Song 14: The fire shines on the world, and the red stars are in purple smoke. On the night of the bright moon, the song moves the cold river.
All these poems shine poetically with the ideal light wheel.
[Li Bai's Achievement]
As a romantic poet, Li Bai is great and the most typical. He said that his poem is "swing the five mountains, and the poem roaring proudly in Cangzhou". Du Fu praised his poem and also said, "The pen is shocked by the wind and rain, and the poem becomes a crying ghost." This extremely magical artistic charm is indeed the most distinctive feature of his poetry. His poetry not only has the strongest romantic spirit, but also creatively uses all romantic methods to achieve a high degree of unity in content and form.
Li Bai is not a poet who "does not care about everything". On the contrary, he seems to care about everything. He has experienced and expressed many lives. Although no life can satisfy him forever, his hot feelings and strong personality have made indelible marks in the poems expressing various lives, leaving a strong subjective color of self-expression everywhere. He wanted to enter Beijing to seek office, so he declared, "Looking up to the sky and laughing and going out, how can we be people!" When he was politically frustrated, he shouted, "The road is like a blue sky, and I can't go out alone!" He wanted to accuse his grievances and said, "I want to climb the dragon to see the Ming Lord, and Lei Gong banged the sky." He misses Chang'an, that is: "The strong wind blows my heart and hangs the Xianyang tree in the west." He climbed Taibai Peak and asked "Taibai to speak with me and open the sky for me." He asked the immortals, and there were "the immortals caressed me, knotted their hair and received immortality." If he wants to drink, there is Luoyang Dong Zaoqiu "building a restaurant for the south of Tianjin Bridge". He mourned Xuancheng's good wine and asked, "There is no Li Bai in the night platform. Who is the wine?" This strong subjective color of self-expression, in terms of artistic effect, some places add a mountain-down momentum and pre-catching power; some places make people feel warm and cordial to read it. Of course, this subjective color is not limited to poems and poems with the word "I". For example, in many poems, the names of Lu Zhonglian, Yan Ziling, Zhuge Liang, Xie An and others are often regarded as first-person substitutes by Li Bai, making the ancients completely become his incarnation.
In a word, Li Bai is the proud son of the times and a prosperous singer. His poetry showed infinite vitality with a vigorous romantic temperament and became an outstanding representative of the sound of the Tang Dynasty, thus excellently completing the historical mission of poetry innovation since the early Tang Dynasty. As Li Yangbing said, "Chen Shiyi has made a decadent wave, and the quality of the world has changed. To today's poetic style, there is still the wind of Liang and Chen Gong, and the public has changed and swept the ground together. The preface to Caotang) Li Bai's significance in the history of literature lies mainly in this. Yu Guangzhong [Xun Li Bai] made a good evaluation: the wine entered the rich intestines, and the seven points became moonlight, the remaining three points roared into sword spirit, and the embroidery mouth was half of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
People praise him with a poem: "The pen shocks the wind and rain, and the poem becomes a ghost."