Chapter 78: Night Chat 7

Wang Shouren talked again: "If you say that Wang Junchuan's letter to me is different from Luo Qinshun. His remarks were slightly calmed down, without Luo Qinshun's aggressiveness, but the implied reasoning was far greater than Luo Qinshun's.

After Wang Shouren's reminder, Cao Muwen also remembered a little. When it comes to the materialist philosophers of the Ming Dynasty, it is inevitable to talk about Luo Qinshun and Wang Tingxiang, but unlike the former, the latter's thoughts are more radical and... ahead, which is more in line with the cognitive worry of modern people. But there are different personalities, but they are the opposite. Wang Tingsang did not open a sect and establish his own ideological faction like Luo Qinshun, which has a feeling that "gentlemen are peaceful but different, group but not party". If it comes to someone, Huang Wan is the only one.

Wang Tingsang, Ziheng, nicknamed Junchuan. A native of Luzhou in the Ming Dynasty, he was a famous writer and philosopher in the Ming Dynasty. Wang Tingxiang has been smart since he was a child, and his writing has appeared. In eight years, Hongzhi was elected in his 21-year-old township examination. At the age of 15 years, he was a scholar and a scholar and was elected to the Hanlin Academy. He once served as a military department and assisted in handling the medal. Later, because he offended the eunuch Liu Jin, he was demoted to the deputy governor of the local capital (central law enforcement officer) and governor of Sichuan. Later, he was promoted to the left of the Ministry of the Ministry of War. , the right servant, was finally promoted to the minister of the Nanjing Military Department. Wang Ting was born in the tenth year of Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty, died in the 22nd year of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty, and was sealed in Henan Province. He was famous for his ability to write ancient poems in his childhood. Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty was more than eight years old, when he was 22 years old. In the fifteenth year of Hongzhi, he ascended to Jinshi, changed to Hanlin Shujishi, and was awarded the military department. In his political life, he has a righteous heart for the people and has been persecuted by eunuchs twice. In the third year of Zhengde, Wang Tingxiang was "commedied by the eunuch Liu Jin, a judge of Haozhou". Soon after, he was transferred to Gaochun County, and then he was recalled as the imperial historian and went to Shaanxi. Liao Peng, a eunuch guarded Shaanxi, bullied the people, and Wang Ting sanctioned him, which attracted Liao Peng's hatred. When Wang Tingxiang looked at each other to study in Beiji, there were two eunuchs who took bribes and studied politics. Wang Tingxiang led the messengers to the public and burned their letters. Therefore, Liao Peng and the two eunuchs worked together to frame up and arrested Wang Ting and sent them to prison. Zhengde was made the prime of Ganyu County in nine years. In Ganyu Binhai, Wang Tingsang once had a sea gathering here. Two years later, in the 11th year of Zhengde, Wang Ting served as the county magistrate of Ningguo. In the next five or six years, he successively served as Tongzhi of Songjiang Prefecture, Sichuan's study, and Shandong's deputy envoy. After the death of Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty, in the first year of Shizong Jiajing, Wang Ting served as the governor of Huguang and the political envoy of Shandong Youbu. In addition to opposing eunuchs, Wang Tingsang expressed great resentment against the bribery prime ministers Yan Song, Zhang Zan and others. At the time of Jiajing, Yan Song was in charge of the government and bribed the public. The officials of the imperial court did not dare to say anything, but Wang Tingxiang stood up and attacked him alone: "It is said: 'minister law, little minister integrity'. Today's scholar style is not like this. In the previous dynasty, there were no bribes, and a hundred taels have been fed; now it is also called thousands, or tens of thousands. Those who received bribes first walked at night and hid their traces, which was still unknown. Now they also accept bribes and take bribes, and the public is unscrupulous. If the minister is greedy and in a high position, the little minister will all be profit-oriented. From today's way, it does not change its customs, the people are poor and thieves, and state affairs are changing day by day. And if the scholar and doctor rushes to the competition, the quiet one will retreat, because the villain attracts the villain, and there is no gentleman in the court. It's the blazing wind of competition and the ominous opportunity of the world, which is not the great opportunity of current politics!" He took the "saint" as an example and standard for standing up, which is what he said, "heard and witnessed, and can't bear the loss of the people. Therefore, do what you encounter and do it with all your strength. If you give it up, you will hide it. If you don't agree, you will go away, but there is no need to be firm." In his view, those who are kings should practice thrift, take less than the people, and the people can be rich; if the government is simple, "those who move to the people will be less happy"; "the people will be righteous, and the people will not be confused by different skills and tend to be righteous." He offered advice to the emperor that it is the "man of talents" who mess up the world. In order to calm the world, the king should "the hero of talents" under the world. A king should listen to the advice of his subordinates; a minister should speak frankly, so that the "gruance of saints" can be feasible. His political ideals are not beyond the old political thought of Confucianism. When Wang Tinxiang was in Shandong, he was worried about his mother and prepared for the funeral. In the sixth year of Jiajing, he was the governor of Sichuan, the deputy capital of Jin, and wrote Huayang manuscripts when he was in Sichuan. Jiajing served as the Minister of War of Nanjing for nine years. During the period from six to ten years in Jiajing, Wang Tingsang edited and engraved twelve of his philosophical representative works. In the preface of cautious words, he said, "Since I knew it, I have looked up and looked down, tested the light, and there is a knowledge in my heart, that is, it is recorded in the book. For more than 30 years, tens of thousands of words have been made. Meng Jun, who was boundless in Xinyang, saw it and said, 'Be righteous and upright, and don't be confused. Don't you be careful about the rest?' So in the name of cautious words, it is divided into thirteen articles, attached to various collections, to hide at home. It can be seen that Shen Yan is the main work in Wang Tingxiang's works. In addition, his important philosophical works include elegant narration, sexual debate, horizontal channel rational argumentation, answering Xue Juncai's sexual books, answering 14 articles on He Baizhai's theory of creation, etc. Wang Ting has profound research on natural science and musicology. In astronomy, he has written the preface test and the Xuanhun test; in the rhythm, he has written the law ruler test, and he has written the thirteen poems of the law Lu; in agriculture, he has made a preface to Jia Sixie's Qimin's important skills and discussed them. The study of natural science plays a great role in the formation of his materialist ideas. Wang Tingxiang and Huang Wan are close friends, and their views are similar in opposing Wang Shouren's "conscience" theory. Huang Wan was originally a student of Wang Shouren. In his later years, he betrayed his teacher's theory and believed that Wang Xue's "conscience" and "knowledge and practice" would be harmful and indistinguishable. Wang's collection contains two articles: the preface to the Shilong collection and the preface to the performance appraisal of Mr. Huang, the Shilong collection is Huang Wan's collection. Wang Tingshang praised Huang Wan in the debate of Shilong Academy, saying, "Huang Zizhi is a scholar of sages and classics. Yu came to Nandu, every time he heard the common discussion, took his actions, and secretly saw the vastness of the changes of heaven and earth, the image of vegetation and vegetation; the essence of knowledge, there is a body that the sun and the moon are bright, and the light must shine. If the empty and empty learning of Confucianism can mess up its cohesation, then the rest of the husband does not think about it, and the gentleman will not use it. It can be seen that the friendship between them is closely related to academic proximity. Wang Tingsang was not only an astronomer and naturalist, but also a famous writer at that time. His poems, texts and lyrics all start from simple and simple. Although he is listed among the so-called "top seven sons" with the famous Li Mengyang, He Jingming, Xu Zhenqing, Kang Hai and Wang Jiusi, he does not agree that "wen must be Qin and Han, and poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty". He once said: "Today's people deliberately imitate ancient times, and rhetoric is not beautiful; Chinese and righteous, complicated and contemptuous, moral and political affairs, will it be beneficial in the world? It is said that there is no apology for being sven!" Shilong Collection Preface) He believes that it is useless for the empty, contentless, flashy and unrealistic articles made by feudal doctors. His ten bamboo poems in the Huayang manuscript revealed the feelings of breathing with the people. Wang Tingxiang was reprimanded in 20 years due to the involvement of his minister Guo Xun in Jiajing. He died in the next three years and died at the age of 71. Most of Wang Tingxiang's philosophical works have a fighting nature, and their style is full of combativeness. The form of the discussion is always to "break", "break" his enemy, and then "hold" and "hold" his own theory. This style is one of the characteristics of materialists.

Wang Tingsang discusses the materialist worldview that has no other categories above the vitality, which is always opposed to the idealistic world view of Song and Confucianism that "this is the only reason first in heaven and earth", and strictly hooked into two opposing routes. He said, "Lao and Zhuang said that Taoism gave birth to heaven and earth; Song Ru said that this is the only reason before heaven and earth. This is a change of face and discussion. What's the difference from the purpose of Lao and Zhuang? It is foolish to say that heaven and earth are not born, only vitality, vitality, then the truth of creating characters is here, so there is nothing above vitality (according to this word "thing" refers to a kind of master, as you can see below), roadless and unreasonable. He also said, "Since the Southern Song Dynasty, Confucianism has been involved in qi. How can it be? All principles are out of breath, and there is no reason for hanging independence. There is no one or nothing in creation. This gas is always there and has not been extinguished. From the Taiji debate)

Judging from the above two combative words, he put forward two basic arguments: "Yuanqi" is the origin of the world and is also eternal and immortal. One-yuan Qi expresses the fundamental proposition of one-yuan materialism; "All principles are out of Qi" and expresses that objective laws are not related to matter. It can be separated. Wang Tingsang repeatedly expounded these two arguments in prudence and narrative. Let's see how he explains " vitality" and how " vitality" gives birth to everything in the world. Wang Tingshang has repeatedly mentioned in many places in his works that "the first of heaven and earth is just vitality. There is nothing above vitality, so vitality is the foundation of the Tao. When he criticized Cheng Yi's idealistic worldview in Xue Juncai's book, he made a more detailed discussion on the argument of "Yuanqi": "Yi Chuan said: 'Yin and Yang are qi; so yin and yang are Tao.' I didn't take reason for it. Oh, those who don't agree with this festival! Yu taste thought that there was nothing above the vitality. If there is vitality, there is a yuan god. If there is a yuan god, it can run for yin and yang. If there is yin and yang, the nature of all things in heaven and earth is ready. In addition to vitality, there are things that dominate. Today, it is said: 'So those with yin and yang, Taoism.' The Taoist is empty and has no name. How can he move and be yin and yang? He also said: 'The gasification will not last long, and there must be one who dominates it'. I don't know what the so-called ruler is? Is it colorful? Organic shaft? Is it said that the twelve gods made pills? Otherwise, it's almost empty. Laozi said: 'Taosheng heaven and earth' is the same as this theory, and it's all over! It's all over!" Here, Wang Ting insists that there is nothing above the vitality as the master of will and personality, and everything in heaven and earth is made of vitality.