Renaissance and the Messiah
Well, I really can't think of a better thing that can be turned around today. I have to write both the pattern I want to write and the pattern I can write. My writing is too bad. The following Renaissance and Bible-related materials!
The Renaissance can really be said to be a change in the world. Although China seems to be out of bounds, it has the consequences. If it hadn't been for the continuous changes in the Western world, it would not have surpassed China in scientific and technological civilization in modern times. On the contrary, China has since entered the feudal society. After the meeting, there was nothing new except that the continuous creators of feudal civilization belonged to the peak and prosperity of feudal civilization. On the contrary, the germination of capitalism was that I was fiercely extinguished and lagged behind people in innovation! It really makes people sigh!
The Middle Ages in Western Europe was a particularly "dark era". The Christian church became the spiritual pillar of the feudal society at that time. It established a strict hierarchy and regarded God as an absolute authority. Everything must follow the teachings of the classic Christian Bible. No one can violate it. Otherwise, the religious court will punish him. It is even sentenced to death. The Bible says that the ancestors of human beings are Adam and Eve. Because they violated God's prohibition and stole the forbidden fruit of paradise, they committed a great sin. As human beings of their descendants, they will atone for their sins from generation to generation, suffer for life, and do not have any desire to enter heaven in the afterlife. Under the control of the church, the literature and art of the Middle Ages were dead, and there was no progress in science and technology. The spread of the Black Death in Europe has also exacerbated people's panic and made people begin to doubt the absolute authority of religious theology.
In the late Middle Ages, the bud of capitalism first appeared in Italy in Europe, with the promotion of various conditions. The germination of capitalism is the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage. The commodity economy operates through the market, and the selection of selection, bargaining, and signing of transactions in the market are all voluntary acts after deliberation. This is the embodiment of freedom. Of course, if you want to have these freedoms, you also need the freedom of ownership of the means of production. And the common premise of all these freedoms is human freedom. At this time, Italy calls for human freedom, and the stale Europe needs a new ideological movement that advocates human freedom.
The emergence of capitalism also provides a possibility for the rise of this ideological movement. The prosperity of the urban economy has made rich businessmen, workshop owners and bankers with great success and wealth more believe in the value and strength of individuals, and are more full of the spirit of innovation and enterprising and taking risks. The versatile, elegant and eruly learned people are generally respected by people. This provided a deep material basis and a suitable social environment for the Renaissance.
In ancient Greece and Rome, the achievements of literature and art were very high, and people were free to publish various academic ideas, which is in sharp contrast to the dark Middle Ages. At the end of the 14th century, due to the invasion of the Ottoman Empire, which believed in Islam, many scholars in Eastern Rome (Byzantium) fled to Western Europe with a large number of ancient Greek and Roman art treasures, literature, history, philosophy and other books. There is also a saying that it is a souvenir brought back by the three crusaders (although the third half-way). They found these books on the road and moved them back to hide them in the basement of the church. Later, they were found, marveled at the art, literature, etc. of ancient Rome, and began to spread them with the intention of achieving the achievements of ancient Rome at that time.) Roman scholars set up a school called "Greek College" in Florence, Italy, to teach Greek glorious history, civilization and culture. This brilliant achievement is consistent with the spiritual realm that people pursue after the emergence of capitalism. Therefore, many Western European scholars have called for the restoration of ancient Greek and Roman culture and art. This kind of request is like a spring breeze, slowly blowing all over Western Europe. The Renaissance movement rose as a result.
Origin
Most historians believe that the elaboration of the concept of the Renaissance originated in Florence in the late 13th century, especially the works of Dante (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-1374) and the paintings of Giotto (1267-1337). The era of birth. Some scholars gave the time of the beginning of the Renaissance very clearly, and one of them proposed that it should be marked by the contract of two talented sculptors, Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi, competing for the bronze door of the Baptistery of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence in 1401. Other scholars believe that it is the general competition between artists and polynomists (including Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donetaro and Masajo) for the commission of art creation, which stimulated the creativity of the Renaissance. However, there are still many controversies in the academic community about the reason why the Renaissance originated in Italy and took place at that time. Correspondingly, there are also a variety of theories to explain the origin of the Renaissance.
In the 14th century, with the development of factory handicrafts and commodity economy, capitalist relations have gradually formed within the European feudal system. Politically, feudal secession has caused widespread dissatisfaction, national consciousness has begun to awaken, and the masses of European countries have shown a strong desire for national unity. Thus, a new period reflecting the interests and requirements of emerging capitalist forces has also begun to appear in culture and art. The emerging bourgeoisie believes that medieval culture is a kind of regression, while Greek and Roman classical culture is a model of bright development. They try to revive classical culture - and the so-called "rejuvenation" is actually an unprecedented liberation and creation of knowledge and spirit. On the surface, it is to restore the progressive ideas of ancient Rome, but in fact, it is the spiritual innovation of the emerging bourgeoisie. At that time, Italy was in a state of city-states. All cities were independent or semi-independent countries, that is, city-states. After the 14th century, cities gradually moved from republic to dictatorship. The dictator indulged in pleasure and believed in neoplatonism, hoping to get rid of the shackles of religious asceticism and vigorously protect the artist's portrayal of secular life. At the same time, the religious radicalism of St. Franciscans strives to abandon the orthodox philosophy of the orthodox religion and praise the beauty of nature and the spiritual value of human beings. The Holy See is also moving towards corruption. The scale of enjoyment of successive popes is stronger than that of secular dictators. They are also protecting artists and allowing art to deviate from orthodox religious dogma. Philosophy and science are gradually developing towards a relatively relaxed atmosphere, and are also brewing the prelude to the religious reform.
Social Impact
The primitive accumulation of capital: As a ideological liberation movement to promote the emerging bourgeois culture, the Renaissance movement laid a deep foundation for the budding development of early capitalism in the process of dissemination, and also accumulated primitive wealth for the early bourgeoisie. The Renaissance movement was first launched in Italy, and then spread from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast. A series of famous cities such as Rome, Florence, Venice and the Nederland emerged. Capitalist industry and commerce began to thrive, and capital also began to pour into the pockets of the emerging bourgeoisie. At the same time, the opening of new routes, the religious reform and the future bourgeois revolution or reform provide the necessary conditions.
Exploration and discovery of human nature: The Renaissance movement slowly liberated the shackles of traditional feudal theology. People began to slowly explore the value of human beings from the cloak of religion. As human beings, this new specific existence is not the personal dependence of feudal lords and religious masters. A new era of attachment and spiritual attachment. The Renaissance movement fully affirmed the value of human beings, attached importance to human nature, and became a powerful call for people to break through the layers of the Middle Ages. The Renaissance movement had a great impact on the political, scientific, economic, philosophical and theological worldview at that time. It is a revolutionary storm in the ideological field of the emerging bourgeoisie, also known as the era of giants.
Negative impact: The Renaissance movement has a series of negative effects due to the excessive emphasis on human values in the later stage of transmission, resulting in the expansion of personal selfish desires, and the proliferation of material enjoyment and extravagance.
The essence of the Renaissance: The original meaning of the word "Renaissance" refers to "the rebirth of Greek and Roman classical culture". However, at that time, the cultural revolution movement of the emerging bourgeoisie in Western Europe included a series of major historical events, including the rise of "humanism", the renewal of artistic styles, the emergence of fantasy socialism, the beginning of the development of modern natural sciences, the application of printing and the dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge, etc. . This series of major events is not so much "regeneration of classical culture" as "the beginning of modern culture"; it is not so much "rejuvenation" as "innovation". The Renaissance marked a great turning point in the history of human civilization. It is a new culture, a reflection of the new political and economic requirements of the society at that time, and the anti-feudal struggle of the emerging bourgeoisie in the ideological and cultural fields. In short, the essence of the Renaissance is the bourgeois ideological liberation movement.
The core idea of the Renaissance is humanism. Humanism originated in Italy in the second half of the 14th century, and then spread throughout Western Europe. Humanists oppose "divineness" with "human nature" and "human rights" against "theocracy". They put forward the slogan "I am a human being, and I am omnistic with all human characteristics." They are very dissatisfied with the church's control of the spiritual world. They demand people-centered, not God-centered. They praise the wisdom and strength of human beings, praise the perfection and nobility of human nature, oppose the arbitrary rule and feudal hierarchy of religion, advocate the liberation of personality and equality and freedom, advocate the promotion of human personality, and demand the present World happiness and human happiness advocate scientific and cultural knowledge. Therefore, the focus of the concept of humanism is "people", which is the play of the instinct of "people" and the driving force for "people" to pursue truth, goodness and beauty.
The Renaissance broke the situation of religious mysticism unifying the world, strongly promoted and influenced the religious reform movement, and provided important assistance to this movement. The Renaissance advocated the importance of worldly life and opposed authority, which aroused doubts and antipathy to the Catholic Church and theology among contemporary people. Humanists in the Renaissance satirized and exposed the corruption and ugliness of the Catholic Church through literature, art and other forms.
The Renaissance broke the unity of scholastic philosophy with theology as the core, cleared the way for future ideological emancipation and progress, and led to the rise of various secular philosophies. Among them is British empirical materialism (Bacon). It also promoted the development of political doctrine. Macchiavili laid the foundation for the later Enlightenment. A large number of thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke developed theories such as "natural rights", "social contract", "people's sovereignty" and "severance of powers".
negates feudal privileges. In the Middle Ages, feudal privileges were natural and the concept of family was deeply rooted. The Renaissance made these things lose the weight of the past in measuring people's balance. The nobility of people is given a new connotation. Petrarch said, "The real aristocracy is not born, but self-made." In the social life of Italy at that time, talent, means and money replaced the family and became the ladder for anyone from the top of society.
Break off superstition and emancipate the mind. The Renaissance restored the values of reason, dignity and thought. Although the Renaissance has not made great achievements in philosophy, it destroyed the rigid philosophical system of the classics, advocated scientific methods and scientific experiments, proposed that "knowledge is power", and created a new atmosphere of exploring people and the real world. People firmly believe in their eyes and minds, and that experiments and experience are reliable sources of knowledge. This realistic attitude, way of thinking and scientific method laid a solid foundation for the great development of natural science in the 17th to 19th centuries.
The Renaissance created a large number of charming and exquisite works of art and literary masterpieces, which became a priceless treasure in the treasure house of human art. In the Middle Ages, biblical legends filled the art world and suffocated the life of art. The Renaissance not only turned the Virgin Mary into a woman on earth (Raphael) and turned the image into a tribute to the human body, but also began the direct description of daily life and real people. Science such as anatomy and perspective are also combined with art for the first time. Modern realist art in Western Europe has since started.
This extensive and lasting ideological and cultural movement, in the ideological field, has broken through the shackles of feudal autocracy and religious theology on people, liberated people's thoughts, promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields, and laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society.
Well, the Renaissance is the first victory of science and technology!
There's a piece of nonsense here!
I don't know if anyone is confused about the lyrics that sang in Chilong City, what is the Messiah, and what is the meaning of that song... I guess not. Some readers have said that readers don't have time to study this book, and I don't expect anyone to study my book deeply, my first book. The devil is. It's too simple to write. Many things that should be explained have not been explained. I haven't written many things that should be connected through imagination, so it's very popular. It's more popular than this one. It's a gorgeous collection of four! Well, there are two more friendship collections!
So I have a long memory of this black knife overlord. I have written a lot more things. However, in many places, I'm not used to it. For those who rewrite the details, those should be briefly grasped. Hey, I need to practice more, and these half-time partners can't solve it. Below is information about the Messiah!
In biblical times, kings and priests were sometimes appointed in anointed rites, when sesame oil was poured on the head of the person concerned. Therefore, the word Messiah applies to these people. But some people are anointed or assigned to special positions, but have not actually been anointed. For example, the Bible calls Moses "Christ", which means "anointed", because he was chosen as a prophet and representative of God. Judaism also uses this word to point to the savior from the David family, who led the State of Israel to restore the glory of David's reign.
Christianity advocates that Jesus of Nazareth is the Messiah, because the appearance of Jesus fulfills many prophecies in the Old Testament; while Jewish believers deny it and still look forward to the coming of the Messiah in their hearts.
Some sects that are accused of heresy, and their founders often refer to themselves as the Messiah. For example, Asahara Changhuang, Wen Xianming, Zheng Mingxi, Youji Jesus, etc.
The New Testament points out that the Messiah that the Old Testament has always mentioned is Jesus of Nazareth, who was born as a carpenter. The Bible explains the identity of the Messiah in several ways.
family:
In the Old Testament of the Bible, the Lord once told Abraham, the ancestor of Israel, that the promised "Miao descendants" would be his descendants. God made the same promise to Isaac the son of Abraham, Jacob the son of Isaac, and Judah the son of Jacob. Hundreds of years later, the Bible revealed that King David, the descendant of Judah, would be his descendant. Matthew and Luke confirm that Jesus is indeed a descendant of David. The lineage of Jesus is widely known. Although people fiercely oppose Jesus, no one has ever doubted whether Jesus is a descendant of David. It can be seen that there is no doubt that Jesus came from the lineage of David. 37 years after Jesus' death, that is, in 70 A.D., the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and destroyed all the Jewish genealogy. From then on, no one could prove that he was the Messiah promised by God.
Bible Prophecy:
There are many prophecies in the Book of the Bolai scriptures that mention different stages of the Messiah's life. For example: In the 8th century BC, the Book of Micah of the Bible (Bible: Micah 5:2): It is predicted that the great king Messiah would be born in a small city called Bethlehem. There are two cities in Israel called Bethlehem. The prophecy clearly points out that the Messiah will be born in Bethlehem, also called Ephthah, the birthplace of King David. Jesus' parents, Joseph and Mary, originally lived in Nazareth, about 150 kilometers north of Bethlehem. During Mary's pregnancy, the Roman ruler Caesar Augustus ordered the people to return home to register their household registration. Joseph had to take Mary, who had been pregnant for many months, to Bethlehem, where Mary gave birth to Jesus. In the 6th century BC, the Bible's book of Danial predicted that after sixty-nine "seven" periods, leaders called "Messiah" would appear after the decree of restoring and rebuilding Jerusalem. Every "seven" in this period refers to seven years. According to the Bible and secular history, the oracle to rebuild Jerusalem was promulgated in 455 BC. Therefore, from that year, after 483 (69×7), that is, in AD 29, the Messiah will appear. The Lord anointed Jesus with the Holy Spirit in that year. At that time, Jesus became "Christ" (anointed Savior), that is, the Messiah.
The Lord's Acknowledgement
Jehovah God personally testified that Jesus was indeed the Messiah. The Lord sent an angel to tell them that Jesus was the Messiah he promised. See Luke 2:10-14 When Jesus was on the earth, the Lord spoke in heaven, saying that Jesus was acceptable to him. The Lord God also gave Jesus Superman the power to perform miracles. Three billion years later, it will be the Messiah in its heyday.
Symen Bar Cokeba
In 132 A.D., Ajiba bin Joseph, a famous Jewish priest, called Simeon Bal Cokeba and said, "This is the King of the Messiah!" Bar Kokba is high-ranking and powerful, with a strong soldier. Many Jews thought that those who saved them from the hegemony of the Roman world and put an end to their long-term oppression finally appeared. However, Bal Cokba was defeated, and thousands of Jews lost their lives as a result.
The Messiah of Yemen in the 12th century
A Jewish Messiah appeared in Yemen in the 12th century. The local caliph (i.e. ruler) asked him to propose a mark to prove that he was the Messiah. So the Messiah suggested that the caliph behead him, and he would be resurrect quickly as evidence. The caliph agreed that the story of the Messiah of Yemen ended. In the same century, a man named David Alroy appeared. He told the Jews in the Middle East to prepare to fly back to the Holy Land with him on the wings of an angel. Many people believe that he is the Messiah. The Jews in Baghdad waited patiently on the roof. Although the thieves took the opportunity to steal their belongings, they were not indifferent.
Sawatay·Sebi
In the 17th century, Savatay Seby emerged in Sven. He declared himself the Messiah to Jews all over Europe. Christians also listen to him. Sebe promised to bring liberation to those who followed him - by allowing them to commit crimes at will. He practiced secret sacrifices to the gods, naked, wanton-**, and even committed promiscuous demorality. Then they whipped themselves, rolled naked in the snow, or buried themselves in the cold mound, only showing their heads to punish themselves. Later, Seby came to Turkey and was caught, forcing him to believe in Islam, otherwise he would die. As a result, Sibi became a believer in Islam. The hopes of many of his devout believers were dashed. Even so, in the following two centuries, some people still called Seby the Messiah.
There are also all kinds of messianic uprisings in Christian countries. In the 12th century, a man named Tankelm attracted a large number of followers, and the whole city of Antwerp was under his control. The Messiah called himself a god and even sold his bathed water to his followers as a sacrament! Another "Christian" Messiah is Thomas Minzelle, who emerged in Germany in the 16th century. He stood up against the local government and told his men that this was Hamijidodon. He had promised to catch the enemy's shells with his sleeves. But as a result, his followers were slaughtered and he was beheaded. In the past centuries, many such messiahs have appeared in Christian countries.
To put it simply, Messiah means savior.