Biochip

English name:

biochip

Definition 1:

A chip technology, that is, with the help of micro-processing and microelectronic technology. Nucleic acid or protein fragments of a large number of known sequences are orderedly combined on a tiny substrate surface to analyze the corresponding components of the specimen to be tested by reacting with the labeled nucleic acid or protein molecules.

Subsect:

Immunology (first-level discipline); Applied immunity (second-level discipline); immunology detection and diagnosis (third-level discipline)

Definition 2:

A generalized biochip refers to all microprocessors prepared by biotechnology or applied to biotechnology. Including biochips for the development of biocomputers, bionic chips that combine healthy cells with electronic integrated circuits, microscopic laboratories, i.e. chip laboratories, and gene chips, protein chips, cell chips and tissue chips that use the specific recognition of biomolecules for biological signal processing. . In the narrow sense, biochips are microarrays, including gene chips, protein chips, cell chips and tissue chips.

Subsect:

Biochemistry and molecular biology (first-level discipline); method and technology (second-level discipline)

Definition 3:

A generalized biochip refers to all microprocessors prepared by biotechnology or applied to biotechnology. Including biochips for the development of biocomputers, bionic chips that combine healthy cells with electronic integrated circuits, microscopic laboratories, that is, chip laboratories, and gene chips, protein chips, cell chips and tissue chips that use the specific recognition of biomolecules for biological signal processing, etc. . In the narrow sense, biochips are microarrays, including gene chips, protein chips, cell chips and tissue chips.

Biochip technology originated from nucleic acid molecular hybridization. The so-called biochip generally refers to micro-array hybrid chips (micro-arrays) of high-density fixed bioinformatics molecules (such as gene fragments, CDNA fragments or polypeptides, proteins) on mutually supporting media. The sequence and position of each molecule in the array are known and pre-set. Good sequence dot matrix. Microfluidic chips and liquid biochips are new biochip technologies developed after microarray chips. Biochip technology is the basic content of system biotechnology.

What is a biochip? In short, a biochip is to put a biological sample on a glass sheet, silicon wafer, nylon film and other materials, and then a

A colorful biochip like a flower cloth

Instruments collect signals and use computers to analyze data results.

A colorful biochip like a flower cloth. People may easily put a biochip with electricity

Sub-chips are connected. Although biochips and electronic chips are indeed inextricably linked, they are two completely different things. A biochip is not the same as an electronic chip. It is just a borrowed concept. Its original name is "nucleic acid microarray", because the reaction on it occurs in the cross column.

The concept of

chip is taken from the concept of integration. For example, an electronic chip means to turn big things into small things and integrate them together. Biochips are also integrated, but the integration of biomaterials. Like laboratory testing, checking blood sugar, protein, enzyme activity, etc. on biochips is based on the same biological reaction principle. Therefore, the biochip is a carrier platform. There are many kinds of materials on this platform, such as silicon, glass, membrane (cellulose membrane), etc. There are also some polymers with three-dimensional structure, and the platform is densely filled with various biological materials. The chip is just a carrier. What to do and what to test is to be done by biologists. That is to say, the reaction that used to require many test tubes in a large laboratory has now been moved to a chip at the same time.

Although the biochip has only a history of more than 10 years, it contains many types, and the classification methods and types are not completely unified.

Classified according to purpose

(1) Bioelectronic chip: used for the manufacture of bioelectronic products such as biocomputers.

(2) Bioanalytical chip: used for the operation of various biomass molecules, cells, tissues and the detection of biochemical reactions.

The former type is currently very immature in technology and application. Generally speaking, the biochips referred to are mainly bioanalytical chips.

Classified according to the mode of action

(1) Active chip: refers to the integration of multiple experimental steps such as sample processing and purification, reaction labeling and detection in biological experiments, which can be actively completed through one-step reaction. It is characterized by fast and easy to operate, so some people call it a functional biochip. It mainly includes microfluidic chip (microfluidic chip) and microchip laboratory (labonchip, also known as "chip laboratory", which is the high level of biochip technology).

(2) Passive chip: that is, various microarray chips, which refers to the integration of multiple experiments in biological experiments, but the operation steps remain unchanged. It is characterized by a high degree of parallelism, and most of the current chips belong to this category. Because such chips mainly obtain a large amount of biomolecular information and eventually carry out data mining and analysis through bioinformatics, such chips are also known as information biochips. Including gene chips, protein chips, cell chips and tissue chips.

Classification according to the material composition fixed on the carrier

(1) Genechip: also known as DNA chip or DNA microarray, is made by fixing cDNA or oligonucleotides on a microcarrier in the form of a microarray.

(2) Protein chip (proteinchip or proteinmicroarray): It is obtained by fixing some non-nucleic acid living substances such as proteins or antigens on micro-arrays.

(3) Cell chip: It is a cell that fixes the cell on the carrier in a specific way to detect the interaction or interaction between cells.

(4) Tissuechip: It is to fix tissue slices on the carrier in a specific way for the study of differences in tissues such as immunohistochemistry.

Chip Lab

Chip laboratory (5) Others: such as Labonchip, used for the separation and detection of living substances

Miniaturized chip. Now, many researchers have tried to miniaturize the entire biochemical detection and analysis process to the chip to form the so-called "chip laboratory" (Labonchip). The chip laboratory is the ultimate goal of the development of biochip technology. It intensiveizes the whole process of sample preparation, biochemical reaction to detection and analysis to form a micro-analysis system. A chip laboratory composed of heaters, micro-pumps, micro-valves, micro-flow controllers, micro-electrodes, electronic chemistry and electronic light-emitting detectors has been launched, and chips that integrate biochemical reactions, sample preparation, detection and analysis have appeared. The chip laboratory can complete a series of complex tasks such as sample preparation, reagent delivery, biochemical reaction, result detection, information processing and transmission. These micro-integrated analysis systems are easy to carry and can be used in emergency situations, field operations and even placed on spacecraft. For example, the preparation of the sample and the PCR amplification reaction can be completed on a small chip at the same time. For example, the biochip designed and manufactured by GeneLogic can isolate DNA or RNA from the sample to be tested and fluorescently label it, and then capture the complementary target nucleic acid sequence when the sample flows through the oligonucleotide probe fixed in the fence-like microchannel. The detection equipment developed by itself can be used to detect and analyze the hybridization results. This chip can sensitively detect changes in rare genes because the oligonucleotide probe has a large adsorption surface area. At the same time, because the microchannel designed by the chip has the functions of concentration and enrichment, it can accelerate the hybridization reaction and shorten the test time, thus reducing the test cost.