Chapter 1083 Long Funeral

"Brother, the history books say that [Zhongzhong] The national tomb began in the Central Plains, and it is true that it only crossed the land of Henan Province. From Yangshao culture to the tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it can be seen almost all. I don't know how many ancient civilizations have been buried under

A group of three cars drove out of Henan and entered the territory of Shaanxi. Zhuang Rui, who was sitting in the first car, was chatting with Dr. Ren. In this field archaeological operation, Zhuang Rui drove two cars by himself, and there was also a van from the Institute of Archaeology of Peking University for carrying excavation tools and other materials.

A week ago, Zhuang Rui, with Dr. Ren and three graduate students from Peking University, set out from the capital and passed through Hebei and entered Henan.

Unlike previous visits to Henan, Zhuang Rui and his party hardly entered the city this time, and almost all spent time in the wild. Whether it is the historical tombs that have been excavated or the place where the tomb is suspected to be located, they have left Zhuang Rui's footprints.

"In fact, many of the antique treasures left behind now are themselves martyrs, that is, what we call a clear weapon (underworld weapon). If there is no burial system, it is estimated that many objects will not be made. Zhuang Rui, there are many common things here. You can learn more about the origin of Chinese tombs, right. It's also very beneficial for you to collect "............"

When Dr. Ren was studying for a doctorate, his main research direction was the origin and development of the national tomb. He had a great understanding of the existence period and social form of each tomb at that time.

Almost every place, Dr. Ren can explain to Zhuang Rui what kind of people lived here many years ago. As far as thousands of years ago, near the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was no place that Dr. Ren did not know.

This made Zhuang Rui feel great admiration, and he was also secretly grateful to his teacher Professor Meng. He knew that this was specially arranged by the teacher, and let the brother of Bowen Qiangji to assist himself and strive to make the excavation activity hosted for the first time more satisfactory.

The reason why he stayed in Henan for a week is that Zhuang Rui wants to systematically understand the origin of the country's tomb. In practice, Zhuang Rui's harvest is far from being obtained from the book class. Through the on-site survey of different tombs, the country's thousands of years of tomb culture is in Zhuang Rui's mind. Li has formed a more systematic cognition.

[Zhong] The country takes the Han nationality as the main body. The Han nationality was called the Huaxia ethnic group in ancient times. The Chinese nationality originated from the Yanhuang tribe in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River for more than 5,000 years, so we call ourselves the descendants of Yanhuang.

The Han nationality has been buried. This tradition is related to agricultural geographical conditions and its culture. The Han nationality rose from the Central Plains. The fertile land here regards the land as the foundation of life, and the so-called "heaven is the father and the earth is the mother".

The saying in the Book of Changes that "the heaven covers everything, and the earth carries everything" was understood by the ancients that the land has the function of "fertility". After death, burying in the earth is a place where the dead can see rest and let the soul live. Therefore, it is also necessary to keep the body in the earth and wait

[Zhong] The earliest burial in the country is the cave man from the top of the mouth ten thousand years ago. This can only prove that there was a burial at that time, and it cannot be denied whether other burial ceremonies (such as cremation, wild burial, etc.) also exist at the same time, or even which is a more important burial ceremony.

Entering the civilized society. The form of burial can best reflect the social status of the deceased before his death, and can best rely on people's feelings such as "rememour" and "filial piety", and as a means of human governance" has been protected by successive dynasties.

So in ancient times, not only the Han people experienced burials, but also burials such as Xiongnu, Turkic, Huihu, Miao, etc. were mainly buried.

Burial was also called funeral in ancient times, which is two different forms. Zhuang Rui learned from Dr. Ren's explanation that as a form of funeral, the ancients always regarded funerals as a kind of social and even entertainment activities.

Without exception, they have to hold a lively event in funerals, such as mourning, witchcraft, jumping corpses (entertainment corpses), singing sacrifices, praying, funerals, etc., and venting to their heart's content. Later generations have developed rice, small cocosses, funerals, funeral clothes, falling basins and guarding .

This way is still retained in the country. For example, it is a happy funeral. It is generally divided into full happiness, full life and full life. Full happiness refers to the prosperity of people in the family before life, forming a large family. The whole life refers to the age of the deceased, generally eighty or 90 years old, or even breaking through the 100-year In the year of "Guxi" (seventy years old), the older and older you are, the more you meet the conditions of "happy and mourning".

It is easier to understand the whole end, also known as "good end", which means the end of the whole life. The people think that the deceased accumulate virtue and do good deeds in his lifetime, do a wide range of merit, and at the end of his life, he will not be tortured by illness, or even "end without illness". Naturally, old and evil

Generally, the elderly who meet the above three conditions and die will be carried out at home, and the elderly will be buried in the ground in a lively way. You know, cemeteries are not popular in rural areas. Even after cremation, they will strictly follow various procedures to let the elderly enter the earth for safety.

It is said that it is a funeral as a form of burial. The most real thing is the thick burial. It is manifested in tombs, tomb furnishings, funerals and other aspects. What it strives to show is the difference between social hierarchy.

Before the Xia, Shang and Wednesday dynasties, it was said that "the tomb without a tomb" means that there was no tomb on the tomb, and no monument was not erected, but the custom of burial goods in the tomb had long existed. At the time of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, tombs began to appear

"Mozi, under the funeral" describes the thick burial at that time as "the coffin must be heavy, the burial must be thick, the clothes must be more, and the Qiu Long must be huge."

In order to demonstrate, show their respect and show their wealth in the world, monarchs and relatives from all over the world, they have also shown off their comparisons on the grave mounds. The Historical Records of the First Emperor of Qin contains: The First Emperor of Qin used thousands of knives to build tombs for himself. "The grave is 50 feet high, and Mausoleums, mountain mausoleums, and luxury emperors of later generations all follow the law." In order to limit the unlimited comparison of the scale of tombs, and make the dynasties of "the noble and lowly" are also stipulated in etiquette and law. For example, the Han Law stipulates: "The tombs of the marquis are four One foot and eight feet, less than two grades, each lower grade minus two feet, and less than six grades is eight feet.

Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties generally followed this provision. At the same time, the tomb of the emperor's mausoleum was built like a palace, called an "underground palace". There are also palace-style buildings on the ground, just like the imperial palace, the Ming Tombs and the Eastern Qing Dynasty

Because the funeral requires considerable wealth and social status, the funeral in the Chinese society has been led by the royal family, noble relatives and rich businessmen.

For example, the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin is only one of the burial tombs unearthed at present. There are nearly 10,000 burial terracotta warriors, infantry, chariot soldiers and cavalry pottery terracotta warriors unearthed, more than 500 horse terracotta warriors, and more than 130 wooden chario It is speculated that there should be one on the front and back of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin like this (the excavated location is in the east). If all the Qin imperial mausoleums are excavated, I don't know how many burial objects there are.

At the time of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, Luoyang's gambler drama Meng, his mother died, and there were as many rich officials who participated in the funeral. There were more than a thousand cars he took alone, which caused a sensation in Luoyang. At that time, people even watched the drama Meng's communication ability was respected by people.

This wind of mourning and thick burial has been followed for generations. Up to the Ming and Qing dynasties, even today there are still a lot of people, just like the fact that a rich man in a certain place dispatched hundreds of luxury cars to make a funeral for his mother. In fact, it is similar to the mentality of Meng's funeral mother, which

Of course, due to the waste of human and material resources in funerals and the upscale luxury of society, there have been opponents in all dynasties. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Mozi strongly opposed it and advocated "funeral" and opposed the theory of ghosts and gods.

At the beginning of the founding of the dynasties, the people's customs were thrifty, and the social economy was in great need of recovery. The imperial court was to rest and recuperate. Therefore, the emperors of the founding of the dynasties could vigorously advocate simple funerals and thin burials, which could be generally effective For example, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong, etc. have all advocated "thin burial".

But in the middle of the dynasty, in the later period, the atmosphere of mourning and burial grew up with the luxury of the whole society, until the dynasty collapsed, the new dynasty was established, and a new cycle began again.

Therefore, almost every tomb of mourning and thick burial is almost a microcosm of the society at that time. By studying the burial form of the martyrs in the tombs, you can have an intuitive understanding of the cultural form of hundreds of years or even years ago, which is also the charm of archaeology that deeply attracts Zhuang Rui.

However, it is a pity that although there are many tombs in Henan, Zhuang Rui has gone all the way, and most of the tombs have been patronized by tomb robbers. Even if Zhuang Rui has the power in his eyes and can see through the catacombs, none of the complete tombs have been found, which also shows that the wealth People are making a lot of money.

"I said that Zhuang Rui, the tomb in the northwest of Anyang is probably Gaoling. Why are you not interested?" The Gaoling mentioned by Dr. Ren is the tomb of Cao Cao of the Three Kingdoms in history. When he passed through Anyang the day before yesterday, the local archaeological department was preparing to excavate the tomb of the Eastern He was not very interested in tomb-making, which made Dr. Ren a little puzzled.

"Ha ha, brother, Cao Cao has seventy-two suspected tombs. How can it be so easy to be found?" Zhuang Rui shook his head with a smile. The scale of the tomb is not small, but Zhuang Rui has already found through his eyes that there are not many funerary objects in it. Presumably, the tomb thieves have been It's very big.