301 Industrial Blood

It's getting dark, and there are more pedestrians on the street.

At this time, on Shanghai Beach, nightlife has begun to enrich, emerging cinemas, kaba restaurants and nightclubs have been established one after another, and nightlife is no longer the patent of foreigners and dignitaries.

Before that, in the first-class hotels, there were Licha Hotel and Huizhong Hotel, a first-class hotel with luxury equipment on Huangpu Road, the Mi Caili Hotel in the French Concession, and the Japanese Friends Hall and Long Live Hall on Xihua Road. And social clubs, the British Shanghai Club, the German Concorde Club and the Mason Club are all located on the Bund, the country club is on Jing'an Temple Road, the Japanese club is on Wenjianshi Road, and the less exclusive clubs related to seafarers' associations, foreign youth associations, customs and business groups. The "nightlife" in Shanghai is limited to a few places, such as Louise Ladu's Carlton Cafe and the restaurant on Ningbo Road, which only provides exquisite meals with music accompaniment for groups of well-dressed foreigners on Shanghai Beach, and silver nightlife after 10 p.m.

Since Liu Xinsheng established the first Chinese business racecourse in Hankou at the suggestion of Li Xiang, Xinhua Consortium and Liu's Group began to vigorously develop the entertainment and consumption industry. The Chinese businessmen in Shanghai naturally began to follow the trend, and the ordinary Chinese in Shanghai also began to have nightlife.

The nightlife on Shanghai Beach is at ten o'clock in the evening, and the banquet attended by men and women is over, and only men stay. This is a tacit understanding of men. From ten o'clock in the evening until dawn, women of different nationalities from the United States, Britain, France, and perhaps Germany, Russia, Italy and Spain wandered in and out of the gloomy and terrible gray stone houses on Jiangxi Road and Suzhou Road, causing the sales of champagne and foaming Burgundy soared.

Ding Wenjiang looked at the four people coming and going, turned his head to Li Xiang beside him, showing an ambiguous smile and said, "Xiaowan's injury has not healed, and her mother has just passed away..."

Li Xiang's pace was unstable when he heard the words. He almost fell on the slippery snow and said awkwardly, "I'll take you to the Licha Hotel. After explaining your affairs, I'll go to see her."

Li Xiang just saw Ding Wenjiang and Tang Hualong coming together. It is estimated that the two families are friends. There are many things I want to ask, but I can't find a word. I didn't expect Ding Wenjiang to be so understanding.

Li Siguang's eyes inspected the two of them curiously. He had guessed that Xiao Wan in their mouth was the famous Miss Tang in the legendary story of Li Dashuai.

"Let's go to the Licha Hotel by ourselves." Ding Wenjiang said with a smile.

"No," Li Xiang shook his head and said, "I still have questions to ask you two for advice."

Li Siguang bowed slightly and said, "If you have any questions, just ask."

Li Xiang asked, "Oil, do you know about oil?"

Li Siguang's eyes lit up and said, "I studied shipbuilding in Japan for seven years, but I am very interested in geology, and I am particularly interested in the emerging petroleum geology."

Li Xiang was surprised and stopped and asked, "Did you study shipbuilding in Japan?"

"Yes?!" Li Siguang scratched the back of his head strangely. You don't know?"

"I just found out." Li wanted to know that he was out of his temper and said with a dry smile, "Are you very interested in geology?"

"Yes." Li Siguang nodded. I am most interested in the emerging petroleum geology.

"The first word "oil" was proposed by Taiping Guangji compiled by the Northern Song Dynasty of China. The official name of petroleum is named after the oil "Birth in the inter-water sandstone, mixed with spring water, and comes out of it" in "Mengxi Pen Talk" written by Shen Kuo, an outstanding scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty of China. The history of modern oil began in 184, when Abraham Tessner, who lived in Atlantic Canada, invented the method of extracting kerosene from coal. The Polish Ignaz Lukasiewicz invented a method of extracting kerosene using more easily available oil. The following year, the first modern oil mine was opened near Krosno in southern Poland. These inventions soon became popular all over the world. The world's first oil refinery was established in Baku in 186. At that time, Baku produced 90% of the world's oil. After Baku began industrial oil production, it became the Transcaucasian industrial center and a world-famous oil base, with 22 major oil refining bases, and the oil industry is very developed. Ding Wenjiang smiled.

"The development of the oil industry in the last century was very slow. The refined oil is mainly used as fuel for oil lamps, but with the sudden change with the invention of the internal combustion engine in recent years." When Li Siguang talked about oil, his eyes immediately flew. As early as the mid-19th century, scientists in Europe and the United States perfected the theory of thermal conversion of mechanical power generated by burning gas, gasoline and diesel. This laid the foundation for the invention of the internal combustion engine. The piston internal combustion engine has high thermal efficiency, wide power and speed range, convenient matching and good maneuverability, so it has been widely used. Maritime merchant ships, inland ships and conventional ships, as well as some small aircraft, can also be propelled by internal combustion engines.

The piston internal combustion engine originated from using gunpowder explosion to obtain power, but it was unsuccessful because gunpowder combustion was difficult to control. In 179, the British Stritter proposed to obtain power from the combustion of fuel and proposed the concept of fuel and air mixing for the first time.

In 1833, the British Wright proposed a design that directly uses combustion pressure to push the piston to work. Since then, various internal combustion engine schemes have been proposed, but they have not been put into practice before the mid-19th century. It was not until 18600 that Lenoit of France designed and manufactured the first practical gas machine by imitating the structure of the steam engine. This is an internal combustion engine without compression, electric ignition, and using lighting gas. Lenoit first used the elastic piston ring in the internal combustion engine. The thermal efficiency of this gas machine is about 4%.

British Barnett once advocated the compression of the combustible mixture before ignition, and then wrote an article on the important role of compressing the combustible mixture, and pointed out that compression can greatly improve the efficiency of the Le Noi internal combustion engine.

In 186, after the theoretical analysis of the thermal process of the internal combustion engine, the French scientist Rosha put forward the requirement to improve the efficiency of the internal combustion engine, which is the four-stroke working cycle.

In 1876, Otto, a German inventor, used the principle of Rosha to successfully create the first four-stroke internal combustion engine with a resurrecting plug, single cylinder, horizontal and 3.2 kilowatts. It is still fueled by gas, using flame ignition, with a speed of 156.7 rpm, a compression ratio of 2.66, and a thermal efficiency of 14%. The operation is stable. At that time, it was the highest in both power and thermal efficiency.

Otto's internal combustion engine has been promoted, and its performance is also improving. In 1850, the stand-alone power reached 11-15 kilowatts, and by 18813, it increased to 150 kilowatts. Due to the improvement of the compression ratio, the thermal efficiency has also increased. In 1986, the thermal efficiency was 15.5%, and in 1987 it reached 20 to 26%. In 181, British engineer Clark successfully developed the first two-stroke gas machine and exhibited it at the Paris Exposition.

With the development of oil, gasoline and diesel that are easier to transport than gas have attracted people's attention. The first thing to be tried is volatile gasoline. In 1833, Daimler of Germany successfully created the first vertical gasoline engine, which is characterized by light and high speed. At that time, the speed of other internal combustion engines did not exceed 200 rpm, but it jumped to 800 rpm, which was especially suitable for the requirements of traffic dynamic transmission machinery. In 1885 ~ ~ 1886, the gasoline engine was successfully operated as the power of the car, which greatly promoted the development of the car. At the same time, the development of automobiles has promoted the improvement and improvement of gasoline engines. Soon the gasoline engine was used as the power of the boat.

In 1992, German engineer Diesel, inspired by the dust explosion in the flour mill, envisioned that the air inhaled cylinder should be highly compressed so that the temperature would exceed the spontaneous combustion temperature of the fuel, and then blow the fuel into the cylinder with high-pressure air to make it burn. His first compressed ignition internal combustion engine, the diesel engine, was successfully developed in 1987, opening up a new way for the development of internal combustion engines.

Diesel began to try to achieve the Carnot cycle of the internal combustion engine in order to obtain the highest thermal efficiency, but in fact, it achieved approximate isopressurized combustion, with a thermal efficiency of 26%. The advent of the compression ignition internal combustion engine has aroused great interest in the world's machinery industry. The compression ignition internal combustion engine is also named Diesel engine after its inventor.

This kind of internal combustion engine will mostly use diesel as fuel in the future, so it is also known as diesel engine. In 1898, the diesel engine was first used for fixed generator sets, used as a merchant ship power in 1993, and installed on ships in 2004.

Internal combustion locomotives powered by diesel engines, as well as those used in automobiles and agricultural machinery, are all later.

"General John Fisher, Second Secretary of the British Royal Navy, is very interested in oil. He believes that oil as fuel will revolutionize the navy and is eager to use oil instead of coal as the power of warships. He has long been known as an "oil freaholic." Ding Wenjiang is knowledgeable and knows no less about oil than Li Siguang. He looked at Marshal Li in front of him, as if he had seen an oriental "petroleum freaholic".

"The first thing the new British Navy Secretary Winston Churchill took office in October was to oppose the British navy's budget reduction proposal and start a military competition with Prussia. He formulated a three-year expansion plan for the British navy, one of which was an attempt to replace the Royal Navy ships powered by coal. Oil and fuel." Li Siguang made a supplement to Ding Wenjiang's narration.

"I didn't expect that they were very discerning." Li wanted to say with admiration and affirmation, "So far, oil will be the most important fuel for internal combustion engines in the next hundred years."

"Dashuai Li is really good-sighted!" Ding Wenjiang praised, "Rockefeller in the American continent and Royal Dutch Shell in Baku in the Caucasus are both rising with the help of oil. I also have a foreboding the great future of the oil business. Is Marshal Li determined to bet on oil? It's just a little difficult to grab food from the mouths of the two major oil companies. Then he sighed and said, "The key is that according to the anticline theory put forward by Canadian geologist Hunter in 186, China is an oil-poor country."

"I believe that China must have oil." Li Siguang blushed and argued, although he knew that Ding Wenjiang was a geological expert. I will definitely find it!"

Li Xiang nodded and wanted to say something. He shook his head again and just lowered his head and said nothing. The world's understanding of oil can only be correctly understood through the European war. And China's oil-poor hat can only be removed after Li Siguang grows up.