unknown ancient country

WhiteSheepDynasty; AkKoyunluDynasty

The feudal dynasty established by the nomadic tribes of Turkmenistan in Iran. From 1378 to 1502, he ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia and northern Iraq. It is named because the flag is symboled by Aries. In the middle of the 14th century, the Aries Tribal Alliance rose in Diabekur in eastern Asia Minor, founded by Kara Osman (reigned 1378-1435). I believe in Islamic Sunnis. Long-term confrontation with the Black Sheep Dynasty.

In 1402, Kara Osman participated in the Battle of Ankara in Timur, and Timur gave him the whole area of Diabecquer as a fief. During the reign of his grandson Wuzun Hassan (1466-1478), the country was very prosperous. In 1467, he defeated Jahan Shah, the ruler of the Black Sheep Dynasty; in 1468, he defeated Timur to Abu Said, occupied Baghdad, and expanded his territory south to the Persian Gulf and east to Herat. In 1473, Uzun Hassan was defeated by the Ottoman Turks in Terzhan. During the reign of Uzun Hassan and his son Jagubu (reigned from 1470-1490), the envoys of the capital, Dabriz, came and forth frequently. Venice and the Holy See joined forces with him to deal with the powerful Ottoman Empire. After Yagub's death, his nephews fought for power and split; in 1502, Ismail I, a Shiite Safi dynasty, defeated Elwander, the sultan of the Aries dynasty, in Salur near Nakhcevan. The following year, Murad, the son of the last Sultan of the Aries Dynasty, Yagubu, was defeated by Ismail and retreated from Baghdad for four years. In 1508, he fled to Diabekur and Turkey, and the dynasty died.

The Islamic dynasty established by the medieval Turkmenistans in western Iran (1378-1508). "White Sheep" is a Turkic free translation, which is transliterated as "Ake Yike Yonglu". It is named because its flag is marked with an Aries pattern. It was originally a loose alliance of nomadic tribes in Turkmenistan. According to the Byzantine chronicles, this alliance appeared in eastern Anatolia about 1340, and the leaders of various tribes were married to Byzantium. The East and the Black Sheep Dynasty are neighbors, and the two have been hostile to each other for a long time. In 1378, the tribes supported Kara Osman (reigned 1378-1435) as the leader of the alliance to create the Aries Dynasty, which was subordinate to the Timur Empire. In 1402, Kara Osman led his army to participate in the Battle of Ankara in Timur, and Timur sealed the Diyar Bakr region in northern Iraq. In 1408, Kara and the Ottomans officially left the Timur Empire and established the capital of Diyarbakir. Respect the Sunni teachings of Islam as the state religion. From 1453 to 1478, during the reign of Uzun Hasan (about 1420-1478), the territory was further expanded and the country was strong. In 1467, he defeated Jahan Shah, the ruler of the Black Sheep Dynasty, and in 1468, he defeated the Emir of Eab Sayed in Khorasan Timur, occupying Armenia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq and western Iran. Move the capital to Tari. Dynasties play a considerable role in international affairs, and envoys of various countries take it frequently. In 1464, he made good relations with Tunisia in an attempt to resist the military attack of the Ottoman Empire. It occupied most of Iran in 1469. In 1473, Uzon Hassan was defeated by the Ottoman army in Terjan without military assistance from Venice. Wuzong Hassan believes in piety, strictly adheres to the teachings and religious lessons, weights religious scholars, and develops Islamic culture. He presided over the translation of the Koran into Turkic. During this time, the Saphas of Iran spread Shiite teachings among the Turkmenistan tribes, shaking their original Sunni beliefs, and causing disilated people's hearts. At the end of the 15th century, the dynasty was divided, and al-Wand and Murad divided the country, occupying Azerbaijan, Armenia and central and western Iran respectively. In 1502, Alwand was defeated by Ismail I, the founder of the Shiite Safavid dynasty, and lost Iran in Sharul near Nakhcevan. The following year, Sudanmurad, the last dynasty, was defeated by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty and retreated from Baghdad for four years. After he retired to Diyarbakir in 1508, the dynasty was overthrown.

Black Sheep Dynasty (Karakoyunlu)

The Islamic Shiite dynasties established by the medieval Turkmenistans in the northwest of present-day Iran (about 1375 to 1468). "Black Sheep" is a Turkish translation, and the transliteration is "Kara Yike Yonglu". It is named because the black sheep pattern is painted on the flag. The black sheep Turkmen nomadic tribe originally lived in the eastern part of Van Lake in Armenia. It established a tribal alliance around 1375 to be a vassal of the Jarael dynasty that ruled Baghdad and Dabriz. It began to be strong when the leader Carla Mohammed (1380-1389) was in power, with eastern Asia Minor and the Upper Mesopotamia Plain.

In 1390, its leader Kara Yusuf (reigned 1390~1400, 1406~1420) led troops to capture Dabriz, and the capital was set here, and the dynasty gained independence. The Twelve Imamites of Islamic Shiites are respected as the state religion. In 1400, Kara Yusuf was defeated by the army of the Timur Empire. After losing the Great Ris, he took refuge in Egypt. In 1406, Kara Yusuf led his troops to re-occupy Táryz, and then captured southern Azerbaijan, Armenia and Kurdistan. In 1410, he defeated the Jal'il army, occupied Baghdad, and expanded south to Basra. After Yusuf's death in 1420, his sons Iskandar (1420-1438) and Jahan Shah (1438-1467) succeeded to the throne, temporarily maintaining the expanded territory and governing it. In 1435, he failed to fight against Sudanshaharu of the Timur Empire and was forced to surrender. In 1447, during the reign of Jahan Shah, he took advantage of the decline of the Timur Empire to seize western Iran, obtained the rule of the original Timur Empire, and adopted the title of Sudan. Later, it annexed part of Iraq's territory and the eastern coastal zone of the Arabian Peninsula, becoming an Islamic power in West Asia, reaching a high level of development in all aspects of political, military, cultural and administrative organizations. In 1466, Jahan Shah tried to capture Diyarbakir, a dependency of the Aries Dynasty, but was defeated and killed. In 1468, he was defeated by the superior forces of Sudan Wuzong Hassan of the White Sheep Dynasty, and the Black Sheep Dynasty perished.

Atjeh; Acheh; Achin

The name of the ancient country. In the northwest of Sumatra, Indonesia. From the early 16th century to the early 20th century, the Islamic kingdom, which ruled northern Sumatra and some parts of the Malay Peninsula, was the trade center around the Malay Islands. Also known as mute. It was built by the people of Aceh, hence the name. The capital is Kota Lacha (now Banda Aceh). At the beginning of the 17th century, it reached its peak. The forces, including the entire west coast of Sumatra, and conquered many parts of the Malay Peninsula. Post-decline. During the invasion of Portugal and the Netherlands, they resisted colonial aggression. Due to the contradictions between Britain and the Netherlands, independence was maintained. In 1873, it was destroyed by the Netherlands.

After the Portuguese occupied Malacca in 1511, many Muslim merchants were forced to move to Aceh and other places. Merchant ships from various countries were forced to enter the Indonesian archipelago along the west coast of Sumatra through the Sunda Strait. Therefore, Aceh, located at the northern end of this route, began to flourish. The first sultan was Ali Muhayat Xia.

In 1521, after Aceh got rid of the rule of the Kingdom of Bityr, he launched a series of "jihad" to drive away the Portuguese colonists and control the pepper production. In 1547, Aceh launched a powerful attack on the Portuguese and almost captured Malacca. Aceh's struggle with the Portuguese colonists lasted until 1575. In 1564, Aceh attacked the Kingdom of Johor, took the Sultan and destroyed the city of Johor.

Iskandar Muda (reigned 1600-1636) is a famous sultan of the Kingdom of Aceh. During his reign, Aceh's power reached its peak. The territory of the Kingdom of Aceh is Indrafara (now Minang Gabo region), to Siak in the east. He also conquered Pahang, Kedah and Perak, and obtained the pepper and tin production areas of the Malay Peninsula. In 1613 and 1615, Iskandar Muda invaded Badu Shawar twice. In 1629, he attacked Malacca, but was defeated by the combined fleet of Portugal, Johor and Beidanian. In the 1740s, Johor took the opportunity to expand to Siak and Indraquili. After the 1960s, Minang Gabo gradually broke free from the fetters of Aceh, and the Malay Peninsula countries also got rid of Aceh's control due to the support of the Netherlands. At the end of the 17th century, Aceh's control over the pepper trade was also broken by the Netherlands. In March 1873, the Dutch banned novels, please delete the invasion of Aceh. In January of the following year, he occupied the capital and palace of Aceh, and the sultan Mahmud Ha was forced to withdraw to the mountains and soon died. The people of Aceh continued to fight against the Netherlands under the leadership of the new Sultan and the head of Islam, Dugu Uma, for 30 years. In 1913, Aceh became a Dutch colony.

In 1949, Indonesia became independent from the Dutch colonial and occupied Aceh by force. However, before this, Aceh had never been officially ruled by the Netherlands. Therefore, Aceh separatists believe that Aceh should have the right to decide whether to join Indonesia. In 1976, the armed organization Liberty Aceh Movement was established to fight for independence in a violent way.

The sea (crab) roar caused by the Indian Ocean earthquake on December 26, 2004 seriously destroyed Aceh.

On July 17, 2005, the Indonesian Government (Crab) and Aceh separatists reached an agreement in Finland, announcing the formal signing of a memorandum of understanding in Helsinki in mid-August. In December, the Indonesian military completed most of the withdrawals, ending nearly 30 years of bloody conflict and showing the dawn of peace. On July 11, 2006, the Indonesian National Assembly passed the Aceh Autonomous Law, giving the local government (crab) of Aceh greater autonomy.

Hermanisudan State

The Islamic state in northern Dkan, India in the Middle Ages (1347-1526). Also translated as "Bamian Dynasty". In 1347, it was founded by Hasan (Hasan, 1347-1359), a descendant of the Turkic nobles in former Afghanistan. He claimed that his ancestors were Bahman, the king of Persia, hence his name. The Degan region was originally the territory of Delhi Sudan. At the end of the rule of Sudan Muhammad of the Tugluk dynasty, the country began to split. Hassan, who was a military general in the Gurbaga region at that time, took the opportunity to declare his independence and called himself Sudan, taking the name Ala Muzafar Ud? ぐtu? What is it? Ǘjia qu(4)?? Steal? That is, Gulbaga). Based in the Gurbaga region, he successively conquered the small states ruled by Hindu princes such as Goa, Dapol, Kolhapur and Dringana, and forced them to pay tribute. The territory was divided into four provinces: Gourbaga, Dratabad, Bilar and Bidal, and sent a governor to manage it. The dynasty believed in Sunni teachings, practiced Islamic law, and spread Islam to the newly conquered areas. When Muhammad Shah (reigned 1357-1373) was in power, he repeatedly fought against the Hindu state of Vichayanagar in the south and consolidated the territory of the dynasty.

When Mohammed Sha II (reigned 1378-1397) was in power, the dynasty was transferred from the war to the rule of Anbang. He worked hard to govern, improve the national system, set up a meeting of prime ministers and ministers, recuperate and recuperate, reduce taxes, develop agriculture and commerce, build mosques, open religious and secular schools, fund and shelter Muslim scholars, establish Islamic cultural education, respect famous Sufi scholars as religious mentors, and build in various places. "Zawiye", the preaching of the scriptures, has made the theory of Sufiism widely spread. During the reign of Ahmed Shah (reigned from 1422-1435), he once again conquered the Visha Nagar Kingdom, annexed part of the territory of the Kingdom of Varangar, and conquered the Hindu prince of Dlingana and captured a large amount of trophies. In 1424, the capital was moved to New Bidar and later developed into an Islamic cultural center. Since Sudan Humayun was in power, he appointed the military general Mahmoud Gawang (reigned 1463-1841) as the prime minister, and successively assisted Sudan for three generations. He held real power, worked hard to govern, and made outstanding political achievements in politics, military, economy and diplomacy. At this time, it was the heyday of the dynasty. The land spans central India, extends to the sea from east to west, and its power extends to parts of the north and south. Between 1490 and 1518, local separatist forces rose, and the dynasties were unable to control them. The governors of various provinces successively declared independence, and their national strength declined. The dynasty split into five independent small states, including Bijapur, Ahmendragar, Gorkonda, Belar and Vidal. In 1526, the kingdom minister Amir Barid overthrew Sudan and became king. The Bachmani dynasty perished from 6 to 1687, and five small states were successively conquered by the Mughal Empire Sudan Aurangzeb

Sadozais

The Islamic Kingdom of Modern Afghanistan (1747-1818). Also known as the Kingdom of Durrani. It was founded by Ahmad ShahDurani (1724-1773), the chief of the Sadochay clan of the Kandahar Abdari tribe. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Afghanistan was divided between the Mughal Empire of India and the Safavid dynasty of Persia. In 1736, the general of the Persian army, Nadir Kuri Khan, seized the Persian throne. In 1738, when he led the army to capture Kandahar, Afghanistan, Ahmed was captured and then served in the Persian army. Because of his repeated military achievements, he was promoted by Nadir as the commander of the regiment formed by the Afghans. Later, Ahmed took advantage of Nadir's assassination in Khorasan and Persia's civil strife to lead his troops south of Persia to occupy the Kandahar region of Afghanistan. In 1747, under the auspices of the elders of the Islamic Sufi faction, the chiefs of various tribes gathered in Kandahar. After fierce competition, they elected Ahmed as the Afghan Shah, known as "Durani" (i.e. the pearl in the pearl), and rebuilt the capital of Kandahar, creating the first Islamic dynasty of the Afghans. During his reign, he fought in the south and the north, pacified the domestic rebellion, defeated the Persian invaders, achieved the unification of Afghanistan, established the national system, and opened up territory. Between 1747 and 1770, he invaded Persia twice, conquered Herat, Neshapur and Mashhad, occupied the area south of the Amu Darya, and forced Bukharanagun. He invaded Punjab nine times, plundered Delhi twice, defeated the Marathas and Sikhs, forced the Mughal emperor to cede Punjab, Mustan, Sindh and Kashmir, and plundered a large amount of wealth, laying the foundation for the kingdom of Afghanistan. In its heyday, its territory ranged from the Punjab of India in the east, to the Sea of the Sea in the west, the Arabian Sea in the south, and the north of the Babarkh in the north. It became the second largest Islamic power after the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century and competed with the Mughal Empire of India.

In 1773, after Timur Shah (1746-1793) succeeded to the throne and moved the capital to Kabul, due to the conflict between the king and the tribes, the local separatist forces developed, and the governors of Balkh and Sindh became independent one after another. In addition, the country did not have a solid economic foundation, and the national situation It began to decline. In 1818, the chiefs of the Barakchay tribes jointly rebelled, captured Kabul, and overthrew the last king Shah Mahmoud (reigned 1809-11818), and the Saddochay dynasty died.

The Saddocharid dynasty was a military feudal country. Its political system followed the administration of the Mughal Empire of India and the Posnadir dynasty, and retained the remnants of tribal military democracy. The king is elected by the Tribal Chiefs' Conference and has the highest powers of military, administrative, law enforcement and tax collection. The feudal land system of the dynasty dominated. Although there is a form of public possession of land with tribes as a unit, tribal chiefs and nobles occupy a large amount of private land, and the royal family and senior military and political officials have a large number of fiefdoms. The main economic source of the dynasty was taxation and a large amount of loot loot in the war, and encouraged commerce and transit trade to increase national taxes. The dynasty believed in the Sunni teachings of Islam and followed the teachings of the Hanafi School. The king is the defender of Islam. From the central government to the local government and the army, Islamic scholars are appointed as judges, and there are law enforcement agencies in charge of judicial and religious power. The grand judges of the central government, provinces and the army are appointed by the king. Famous elders of Islam participate in state affairs as religious advisers to the king in the court, and religious scholars and murlahs enjoy a high social status. The dynasty built and expanded mosques in major cities under its jurisdiction, built Sufi monasteries and Sheikh's cemeteries, and granted the mosque Wakf land and tax exemption. The dynasty attached importance to the development of Islamic academic culture, published a large number of Koran, hadiths and religious works, set up religious schools attached to mosques, and trained burla and officials to allow Sufi teachers from Central Asia and India to spread Sufi doctrines and train disciples. The cities of Kandahar and Kabul have been newly built and are economically prosperous. Scholars are gathered, and mosques are many. They have become political, economic and Islamic cultural centers.

Sudan State of Delhi

The general name of the Islamic regional feudal state in North India ruled by the Turkic-Afghan military aristocracy in the 13th-16th centuries. It is named after its founding capital, Delhi.

In 1206, Kutb-ud-Din-Aybak, the governor of the Afghan Gore dynasty, ruled Delhi, established himself as the sultan of India, and the capital of Delhi, marking the beginning of the rule of India by the Sultanate of Delhi. In the following 320 years, they experienced the rule of 5 dynasties and 32 sultans who had no family relationship or even racial relations with each other. The five dynasties are: the Slave Dynasty (1206-1290), the Karji Dynasty (1290-1320), the Tugluk Dynasty (1320-1414), the Said Dynasty (1414-1451), and the Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526).

Ala-Ud-Din Karji, the Sultan of the Karji dynasty, was the most powerful Muslim monarch during the rule of India by the Sultanate of Delhi. He got rid of the control of the Islamic theologian Ulaima, rectified the finances and administration, strengthened the centralization of power, and established an elite cavalry force of 470,000 people. He launched a fierce offensive against the Rajput countries, occupied Chitor, Ransambor, Ujain, and opened the way to expand to Degan. Sultan Mohammed ibn Tugluk of the Tugruq dynasty sent a large army to South India four times, expanding its territory to the south of the Kofuri River, and the number of provinces increased to 23, making the Delhi Sultanate country reach its peak. Since then, due to the rise of the Kingdom of Vijayanagar in the Hindu region of South India and the weakening of the central government (crab) government's control over the power of the local feudal lord, the Delhi Sultanate gradually declined. In 1398, Timur invaded India and occupied Delhi, a fatal blow to the already divided Delhi Sultanate. The governors of the provinces became independent one after another, and the Saeed and Lodi dy dynasties became small states that only ruled Delhi and Lahore. In the First Panibat War in 1526, the Afghans were defeated, and the Sultanate of Delhi was destroyed by the Mughal dynasty established by the descendants of Genghis Khan.